Therapeutic RNA

ABSTRACT

This disclosure relates to the field of therapeutic RNAs for treatment of solid tumor cancers.

This application is a Continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2018/019878, filed on Feb. 27, 2018, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/464,981, filed Feb. 28, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/597,527, filed Dec. 12, 2017; and European Patent Application No. 17306089.8, filed Aug. 23, 2017; all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

This disclosure relates to the field of therapeutic RNA to treat solid tumors. The National Cancer Institute defines solid tumors as abnormal masses of tissue that do not normally contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors include benign and malignant (cancerous) sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas, and can be physically located in any tissue or organ including the brain, ovary, breast, colon, and other tissues. Cancer is often divided into two main types: solid tumor cancer and hematological (blood) cancers. It is estimated that more than 1.5 million cases of cancer are diagnosed in the United States each year, and more than 500,000 people in the United States will die each year from cancer.

Solid tumor cancers are particularly difficult to treat. Current treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgery alone may be an appropriate treatment for small localized tumors, but large invasive tumors and most metastatic malignancies are usually unresectable by surgery. Other common treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy are associated with undesirable side effects and damage to healthy cells.

While surgery and current therapies sometimes are able to kill the bulk of the solid tumor, additional cells (including potentially cancer stem cells) may survive therapy. These cells, over time, can form a new tumor leading to cancer recurrence. In spite of multimodal conventional therapies, disease-free survival is less than 25% for many types of solid tumors. Solid tumors that are resistant to multi-modal therapy or that have recurred following therapy are even more difficult to treat, and long-term survival is less than 10%.

Disclosed herein are compositions, uses, and methods that can overcome present shortcomings in treatment of solid tumors. Administration of therapeutic RNAs disclosed herein can reduce tumor size, extend survival time, and/or protect against metastasis and/or recurrence of the tumor.

SUMMARY Embodiment 1

A composition comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 14 and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 27.

Embodiment 2

The composition of embodiment 1, further comprising RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 24.

Embodiment 3

The composition of embodiment 1, further comprising RNA encoding an IL-2 protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 9.

Embodiment 4

The composition of embodiment 1, further comprising RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 19.

Embodiment 5

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein that is at least 99%, 98%,         97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of         SEQ ID NO: 14;     -   b. RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ         ID NO: 27; and     -   c. RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein that is at least 99%, 98%,         97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of         SEQ ID NO: 19.

Embodiment 6

The composition of embodiment 5, further comprising RNA encoding an IL-15sushi protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 24.

Embodiment 7

The composition of embodiment 5, further comprising RNA encoding an IL-2 protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 9.

Embodiment 8

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein at least one RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of at least one uridine.

Embodiment 9

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of each uridine.

Embodiment 10

The composition of any one of embodiments 8-9, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

Embodiment 11

The composition of embodiment 10, wherein the modified nucleobase is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

Embodiment 12

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein at least one RNA further comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment 13

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein each RNA further comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment 14

The composition of any one of embodiments 12-13, wherein the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Embodiment 15

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein at least one RNA further comprises a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment 16

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein each RNA further comprises a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment 17

The composition of any one of embodiments 15-16, wherein the 5′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6.

Embodiment 18

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-17, wherein at least one RNA further comprises a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment 19

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-17, wherein each RNA further comprises a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment 20

The composition of any one of embodiments 18-19, wherein the 3′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 8, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.

Embodiment 21

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-20, wherein at least one RNA further comprises a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 22

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-20, wherein each RNA further comprises a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 23

The composition of any one of embodiments 21-22, wherein the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment 24

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ cap, 5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, and poly-A tail.

Embodiment 25

The composition of any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ cap, 5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, and poly-A tail.

Embodiment 26

The composition of any one of embodiments 24-25, wherein

-   -   a. the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or         3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G;     -   b. the 5′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NOs: 2, 4, or 6, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6;     -   c. the 3′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NO: 8, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 8; and     -   d. the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment 27

A method for treating or preventing cancer, reducing the size of a tumor, preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or preventing cancer metastasis in a subject comprising administering the composition of any one of embodiments 1-26 to the subject.

Embodiment 28

A method for treating or preventing cancer, reducing the size of a tumor, preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or preventing cancer metastasis in a subject comprising administering to the subject:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein that is at least 99%, 98%,         97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of         SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or comprising nucleotides having at least         99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18; and     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein that is at least 99%, 98%,         97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of         SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising nucleotides having at least         99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 29,         thereby treating or preventing cancer, reducing the size of a         tumor, preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or         preventing cancer metastasis in the subject.

Embodiment 29

The method of embodiment 28, further comprising administering RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or comprising nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23.

Embodiment 30

The method of embodiment 28, further comprising administering RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or comprising nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 31

The method of embodiment 28, further comprising administering RNA encoding an IL-2 protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 32

The method of embodiment 28, further comprising administering RNA encoding

-   -   a. an IL-15 sushi protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%,         95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO:         24, and/or comprising nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NO: 26; and     -   b. an IFNα2b protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 19,         and/or comprising nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NOs: 22 or 23.

Embodiment 33

The method of embodiment 28, further comprising administering RNA encoding

-   -   a. an IL-2 protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 9,         and/or comprising nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NOs: 12 or 13; and     -   b. an IFNα2b protein that is at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, 85%, or 80% identical to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 19,         and/or comprising nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NOs: 22 or 23.

Embodiment 34

The method of any one of embodiments 27-33, wherein the cancer is a sarcoma, carcinoma, or lymphoma.

Embodiment 35

The method of any one of embodiments 27-33, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.

Embodiment 36

The method of embodiment 35, wherein the solid tumor is in the lung, colon, ovary, cervix, uterus, peritoneum, testicles, penis, tongue, lymph node, pancreas bone, breast, prostate, soft tissue, connective tissue, kidney, liver, brain, thyroid, or skin.

Embodiment 37

The method of embodiment 35, wherein the solid tumor is an epithelial tumor, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, prostate tumor, ovarian tumor, renal cell tumor, gastrointestinal tract tumor, hepatic tumor, colorectal tumor, tumor with vasculature, mesothelioma tumor, pancreatic tumor, breast tumor, sarcoma tumor, lung tumor, colon tumor, brain tumor, melanoma tumor, small cell lung tumor, neuroblastoma, testicular tumor, carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, glioma tumor, seminoma tumor, retinoblastoma, or osteosarcoma tumor.

Embodiment 38

The method of any one of embodiments 27-37, wherein the composition is administered intra-tumorally or peri-tumorally.

Embodiment 39

The method of embodiment 38, wherein the injected tumor and a non-injected tumor are both reduced in size after intra- or peri-tumoral injection into or near the first tumor.

Embodiment 40

The method of any one of embodiments 27-39, wherein the subject is human.

Embodiment 41

The method of any one of embodiments 27-40, wherein another therapy is also administered.

Embodiment 42

The method of embodiment 41, wherein the other therapy is surgery to excise, resect, or debulk the tumor.

Embodiment 43

The method of embodiment 41, wherein the other therapy is immunotherapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

Embodiment 44

The method of any one of embodiments 27-43, wherein at least one RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of at least one uridine.

Embodiment 45

The method of any one of embodiments 27-43, wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of each uridine.

Embodiment 46

The method of any one of embodiments 44-45, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ), or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

Embodiment 47

The method of embodiment 46, wherein the modified nucleobase is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

Embodiment 48

The method of any one of embodiments 27-47, wherein at least one RNA further comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment 49

The method of any one of embodiments 27-47, wherein each RNA further comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment 50

The method of any one of embodiments 48-49, wherein the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Embodiment 51

The method of any one of embodiments 27-50, wherein at least one RNA further comprises a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment 52

The method of any one of embodiments 27-50, wherein each RNA further comprises a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment 53

The method of any one of embodiments 51-52, wherein the 5′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6.

Embodiment 54

The method of any one of embodiments 27-54, wherein at least one RNA further comprises a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment 55

The method of any one of embodiments 27-54, wherein each RNA further comprises a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment 56

The method of any one of embodiments 54-55, wherein the 3′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 8, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.

Embodiment 57

The method of any one of embodiments 27-56, wherein at least one RNA further comprises a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 58

The method of any one of embodiments 27-56, wherein each RNA further comprises a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 59

The method of any one of embodiments 57-58, wherein the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment 60

The method of any one of embodiments 27-59, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ cap, 5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, and poly-A tail.

Embodiment 61

The method of any one of embodiments 27-59, wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ cap, 5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, and poly-A tail.

Embodiment 62

The method of any one of embodiments 60-61, wherein

-   -   a. the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or         3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G;     -   b. the 5′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NOs: 2, 4, or 6, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6;     -   c. the 3′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NO: 8, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 8; and     -   d. the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment 63

A codon-optimized DNA comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 83% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11.

Embodiment 64

The DNA of embodiment 63, comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11.

Embodiment 65

A codon-optimized RNA comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 83% identity to SEQ ID NO: 13.

Embodiment 66

The RNA of embodiment 65, comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 13.

Embodiment 67

An RNA produced from the DNA of any one of embodiments 63 or 64.

Embodiment 68

A codon-optimized DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides having at least 78% identity to         nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides having at least 81% identity to         nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and     -   c. nucleotides encoding a linker between the nucleotides of a)         and b).

Embodiment 69

The DNA of embodiment 68, wherein the linker comprises nucleotides 985-1026 of SEQ ID NO: 16.

Embodiment 70

The DNA of any one of embodiments 68 and 69, wherein part a) comprises contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, or 75% identity to nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and part b) comprises contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16.

Embodiment 71

A codon-optimized RNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides having at least 78% identity to         nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 18;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides having at least 81% identity to         nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 18; and     -   c. nucleotides encoding a linker between the nucleotides of a)         and b).

Embodiment 72

The RNA of embodiment 71, wherein the linker comprises nucleotides 985-1026 of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 73

The RNA of any one of embodiments 71 and 72, wherein part a) comprises contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, or 75% identity to nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 18; and part b) comprises contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 18.

Embodiment 74

An RNA produced from the DNA of any one of embodiments 68-70.

Embodiment 75

A codon-optimized DNA comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 21.

Embodiment 76

The DNA of embodiment 75, comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 21.

Embodiment 77

A codon-optimized RNA comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 23.

Embodiment 78

The RNA of embodiment 77, comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 23.

Embodiment 79

An RNA produced from the DNA of any one of embodiments 75-76.

Embodiment 80

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of contiguous         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85%         identity to nucleotides 1-321 of SEQ ID NO: 25;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of contiguous         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85%         identity to nucleotides 382-729 of SEQ ID NO: 25; and     -   c. nucleotides encoding a linker between the nucleotides of a)         and b).

Embodiment 81

An RNA produced from the DNA of embodiment 80.

Embodiment 82

A RNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of contiguous         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85%         identity to nucleotides 1-321 of SEQ ID NO: 26;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of contiguous         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85%         identity to nucleotides 382-729 of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   c. nucleotides encoding a linker between the nucleotides of a)         and b).

Embodiment 83

A DNA comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 28.

Embodiment 84

An RNA produced from the DNA of embodiment 83.

Embodiment 85

An RNA comprising or consisting of contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 29.

Embodiment 86

The RNA of any one of embodiments 67, 74, 79, 81, and 84 wherein the RNA is transcribed from the DNA in vitro.

Embodiment 87

The RNA of any one of embodiments 65-67, 71-74, 78-79, 81-82, and 84-85, wherein at least one uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 88

The RNA of any one of embodiments 65-67, 71-74, 78-79, 81-82, and 84-85, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 89

The RNA of embodiment 87 or 88, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ), or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

Embodiment 90

The RNA of embodiment 89, wherein the modified nucleobase is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

Embodiment 91

The RNA of any one of embodiments 65-67, 71-74, 78-79, 81-82, and 84-90, further comprising a 5′ cap.

Embodiment 92

The RNA of embodiment 91, wherein the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O)) ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Embodiment 93

The RNA of any one of embodiments 65-67, 71-74, 78-79, 81-82, and 84-92, further comprising a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment 94

The RNA of embodiment 93, wherein the 5′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6.

Embodiment 95

The RNA of any one of embodiments 65-67, 71-74, 78-79, 81-82, and 84-94, further comprising a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment 96

The RNA of embodiment 95, wherein the 3′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 8, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.

Embodiment 97

The RNA of any one of embodiments 65-67, 71-74, 78-79, 81-82, and 84-96, further comprising a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 98

The RNA of embodiment 97, wherein the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment 99

The RNA of any one of embodiments 65-67, 71-74, 78-79, 81-82, and 84-97, further comprising a 5′ cap, 5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, and poly-A tail.

Embodiment 100

The RNA of embodiment 99, wherein

-   -   a. the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or         3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G;     -   b. the 5′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NOs: 2, 4, or 6, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6;     -   c. the 3′ UTR comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID         NO: 8, or nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, or 85% identity to SEQ ID NO: 8 and;     -   d. the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment 101

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         83% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11; and     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5, wherein when         transcribed, the nucleotides of parts a) and b) form a single         transcript.

Embodiment 102

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%,         80% or 78% identity to nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%,         80% or 81% identity to nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16;         and     -   c. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5, wherein when         transcribed, the nucleotides of part a), b) and c) form a single         transcript.

Embodiment 103

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 21; and     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5, wherein when         transcribed, the nucleotides of part a) and b) form a single         transcript.

Embodiment 104

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 28; and     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5, wherein when         transcribed, the nucleotides of part a) and b) form a single         transcript.

Embodiment 105

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to nucleotides 1-321 of SEQ ID NO: 25;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to nucleotides 382-729 of SEQ ID NO: 25; and     -   c. contiguous nucleotides having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID         NOs: 1, 3, or 5, wherein when transcribed, the nucleotides of         part a), b), and c) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 106

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         83% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11; and     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a) and b) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 107

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%,         80% or 78% identity to nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%,         80% or 81% identity to nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16;         and     -   c. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a), b) and c) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 108

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 21; and     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a) and b) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 109

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 28; and     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a) and b) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 110

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to nucleotides 1-321 of SEQ ID NO: 25;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to nucleotides 382-729 of SEQ ID NO: 25; and     -   c. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a), b), and c) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 111

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         83% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and     -   c. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a), b), and c) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 112

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%,         80% or 78% identity to nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%,         80% or 81% identity to nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16;     -   c. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and     -   d. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a), b), c), and d) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 113

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 21;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5, wherein the nucleotides         of part b) regulate the expression of the nucleotides of part         a); and     -   c. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a), b) and c) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 114

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 28;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and     -   c. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a), b), and c) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 115

A DNA comprising or consisting of:

-   -   a. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to nucleotides 1-321 of SEQ ID NO: 25;     -   b. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to nucleotides 382-729 of SEQ ID NO: 25;     -   c. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and     -   d. contiguous nucleotides comprising or consisting of         nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85% or         80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein when transcribed, the         nucleotides of part a), b), c), and d) form a single transcript.

Embodiment 116

An RNA produced from any one of the DNAs of embodiments 101-115.

Embodiment 117

The RNA of embodiment 116, wherein at least one uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 118

The RNA of embodiment 116, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 119

The RNA of any one of embodiments 117-118, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ), or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

Embodiment 120

The RNA of embodiment 119, wherein the modified nucleobase is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

Embodiment 121

The RNA of any one of embodiments 116-120, wherein the RNA further comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment 122

The RNA of embodiment 121, wherein the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Embodiment 123

The RNA of any of embodiments 116-122, wherein the RNA is substantially free of double-stranded RNA.

Embodiment 124

The RNA of any of embodiments 116-122, wherein double stranded RNA has been removed from the RNA.

Embodiment 125

The RNA of any one of embodiments 123-124, wherein the RNA has been purified via HPLC or cellulose-based chromatography.

Embodiment 126

A pharmaceutical formulation comprising any one of the DNA or RNAs of embodiments 63-125 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 127

A method for treating or preventing cancer, reducing the size of a tumor, preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or preventing cancer metastasis in a subject comprising administering any one or more of the RNAs or DNAs of embodiments 63-125, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 126.

Embodiment 128

A method of producing a polypeptide encoding IL-2, IL-12sc, IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF and IFNα2b in vivo comprising administering to a subject one or more of the DNAs or RNAs of any one of embodiment 63-125, the composition of any one of embodiments 1-26, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 126.

Embodiment 129

A composition comprising at least two RNAs, wherein the RNAs encode different proteins, and wherein the RNAs are selected from the RNAs of any one of embodiments 65-67, 71-74, 78-79, 81-82, 84-100, and 116-125.

Embodiment 130

The composition of embodiment 129, wherein the composition comprises two RNAs encoding GM-CSF and IL-12sc.

Embodiment 131

The composition of embodiment 129, wherein the composition comprises three RNAs encoding GM-CSF, IL-12sc, and IFNα2b.

Embodiment 132

The composition of embodiment 129, wherein the composition comprises three RNAs encoding GM-CSF, IL-2, and IFNα2b.

Embodiment 133

The composition of embodiment 129, wherein the composition comprises four RNAs encoding GM-CSF, IL-12sc, IL-2 and IFNα2b.

Embodiment 134

The composition of embodiment 129, wherein the composition comprises four RNAs encoding GM-CSF, IL-12sc, IL-15 sushi and IFNα2b.

Embodiment 135

The composition of any one of embodiments 130-134, wherein the RNA encoding GM-CSF is selected from the RNA of any one of embodiments 84-85.

Embodiment 136

The composition of any one of embodiments 130-134, wherein the RNA encoding IL-12sc is selected from the RNA of any one of embodiments 71-74.

Embodiment 137

The composition of any one of embodiments 131-134, wherein the RNA encoding IFNα2b is selected from the RNA of any one of embodiments 77-79.

Embodiment 138

The composition of embodiment 134, wherein the RNA encoding IL-15 sushi is selected from the RNA of any one of embodiments 81-82.

Embodiment 139

The composition of any one of embodiments 132-133, wherein the RNA encoding IL-2 is selected from the RNA of any one of embodiments 65-67.

Embodiment 140

A method of treating or preventing solid tumor cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of each of the following RNAs directly into a tumor:

-   -   a. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 17 or         18);     -   b. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding GM-CSF (SEQ ID NO: 29); and     -   c. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding IFNα2b (SEQ ID NOs: 22 or         23),         wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of         each uridine, and wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID         NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a         poly-A tail.

Embodiment 141

A method of treating or preventing solid tumor cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of each of the following RNAs directly into a tumor:

-   -   a. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 17 or         18);     -   b. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding GM-CSF (SEQ ID NO: 29);     -   c. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding IFNα2b (SEQ ID NOs: 22 or         23); and     -   d. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding IL-2 (SEQ ID NOs: 12 or         13),         wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of         each uridine, and wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID         NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a         poly-A tail.

Embodiment 142

A method of treating or preventing solid tumor cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of each of the following RNAs directly into a tumor:

-   -   a. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 17 or         18);     -   b. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding GM-CSF (SEQ ID NO: 29);     -   c. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding IFNα2b (SEQ ID NOs: 22 or         23); and     -   d. an RNA comprising an RNA encoding IL-15 sushi (SEQ ID NO:         26),         wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of         each uridine, and wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID         NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a         poly-A tail.

Embodiment 143

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 144

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 14, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 145

A composition comprising an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 27, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 146

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 147

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 148

An IL-12sc RNA composition comprising or consisting of nucleotides having at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 149

A GM-CSF RNA composition comprising or consisting of nucleotides having at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO: 29, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 150

An IFNα2b RNA composition comprising or consisting of nucleotides having at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23, wherein each uridine is replaced with a uridine analog, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 151

An IL-15 sushi RNA composition comprising or consisting of nucleotides having at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO: 26, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 152

An IL-2 RNA composition comprising or consisting of nucleotides having at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 153

An IL-12sc RNA composition comprising or consisting of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 154

A GM-CSF RNA composition comprising or consisting of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 29, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 155

An IFNα2b RNA composition comprising or consisting of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 156

An IL-15 sushi RNA composition comprising or consisting of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 157

An IL-2 RNA composition comprising or consisting of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13, wherein each uridine is replaced with a modified nucleobase, and further comprising a 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6), a 3′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 8), a 5′ cap, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment 158

The composition of any of embodiments 143-157, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ), or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

Embodiment 159

A composition comprising an RNA encoding IFNα2b, wherein the RNA is altered to have reduced immunogenicity as compared to un-altered RNA.

Embodiment 160

The composition of embodiment 159, wherein the alteration comprises substitution of at least one uridine with a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 161

The composition of embodiment 159, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ), or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

Embodiment 162

The composition of embodiment 161, wherein the modified nucleobase is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

Embodiment 163

The composition of any one of embodiments 159-162, wherein the alteration comprises a reduction in the amount of double-stranded RNA.

Embodiment 164

The composition of embodiment 163, wherein the reduction in double-stranded RNA is the result of purification via HPLC or cellulose-based chromatography.

Embodiment 165

The composition of any one of embodiments 159-164, wherein the alteration reduces RNA recognition by an innate immune system as compared to un-altered RNA.

Embodiment 166

The composition of any one of embodiments 159-165, wherein the alteration comprises addition of a 5′ cap to the RNA.

Embodiment 167

The composition of embodiment 166, wherein the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Embodiment 168

The composition of any one of embodiments 159-167, further comprising a second RNA encoding a peptide or protein of interest.

Embodiment 169

The composition of embodiment 168, wherein the peptide or protein of interest is a peptide or protein selected or derived from cytokines, chemokines, suicide gene products, immunogenic proteins or peptides, apoptosis inducers, angiogenesis inhibitors, heat shock proteins, tumor antigens, β-catenin inhibitors, activators of the STING pathway, activators of the retinoic inducible gene (RIG)-I pathway, agonists of toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, checkpoint modulators, innate immune activators, antibodies, dominant negative receptors and decoy receptors, inhibitors of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), IDO pathway inhibitors, and proteins or peptides that bind inhibitors of apoptosis.

Embodiment 170

The composition of embodiment 168 or 169, wherein the second RNA is altered to have reduced immunogenicity as compared to un-altered RNA.

Embodiment 171

The composition of embodiment 170, wherein the alteration comprises substitution of at least one uridine with a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 172

The composition of embodiment 171, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

Embodiment 173

The composition of embodiment 172, wherein the modified nucleobase is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

Embodiment 174

The composition of any one of embodiments 168-173, wherein the alteration comprises a reduction in the amount of double-stranded RNA.

Embodiment 175

The composition of embodiment 174, wherein the reduction in double-stranded RNA is the result of purification via HPLC or cellulose-based chromatography.

Embodiment 176

The composition of any one of embodiments 168-173, wherein the alteration comprises addition of a 5′ cap to the RNA.

Embodiment 177

The composition of embodiment 176, wherein the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Embodiment 178

The composition of any one of embodiments 168-177, wherein the second RNA comprises:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; or     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 179

A method for treating or preventing cancer, reducing the size of a tumor, preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or preventing cancer metastasis in a subject comprising administering any one of the compositions of embodiments 159-178.

Embodiment 180

The composition of any one of embodiments 159-178 for use in a method of treating or preventing cancer, reducing the size of a tumor, preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or preventing cancer metastasis.

Embodiment 181

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.

Embodiment 182

A composition comprising an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.

Embodiment 183

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

Embodiment 184

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.

Embodiment 185

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.

Embodiment 186

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, wherein the RNA comprises nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18.

Embodiment 187

A composition comprising an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, wherein the RNA comprises nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 29.

Embodiment 188

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein, wherein the RNA comprises nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23.

Embodiment 189

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, wherein the RNA comprises nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 190

A composition comprising an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein, wherein the RNA comprises nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 191

A composition comprising any two of the following RNAs:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23;     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   e. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 192

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18; and     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29.

Embodiment 193

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23.

Embodiment 194

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 195

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 196

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23.

Embodiment 197

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 198

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 199

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 200

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 201

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 202

A composition comprising any three of the following:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23;     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 203

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23.

Embodiment 204

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 205

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 206

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 207

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 208

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 209

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 210

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 211

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 212

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 213

A composition comprising any four of the following:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23;     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   e. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 214

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; and     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26.

Embodiment 215

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; and     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 216

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 217

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 218

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   b. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 219

A composition comprising:

-   -   a. an RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18;     -   b. an RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   c. an RNA encoding an IFNα2b protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23;     -   d. an RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein having at least 95%         identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and/or         comprising nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the         nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 26; and     -   e. an RNA encoding an IL-2 protein having at least 95% identity         to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and/or comprising         nucleotides having at least 95% identity to the nucleotides of         SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

Embodiment 220

A pharmaceutical formulation comprising any one of the compositions of embodiments 181-219.

Embodiment 221

A pharmaceutical formulation comprising any one of the compositions of embodiments 181-219 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 222

The composition of any one of embodiments 181-219, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 220 or 221, for use in a method of treating or preventing cancer.

Embodiment 223

The composition of any one of embodiments 181-219, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 220 or 221 for use in a method of reducing the size of a tumor.

Embodiment 224

The composition of any one of embodiments 181-219, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 220 or 221 for use in a method of preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission.

Embodiment 225

The composition of any one of embodiments 181-219, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 220 or 221 for use in a method of preventing cancer metastasis.

Embodiment 226

A method for treating or preventing cancer comprising administering the composition of any one of embodiments 181-219, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 220 or 221.

Embodiment 227

A method for reducing the size of a tumor comprising administering the composition of any one of embodiments 181-219, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 220 or 221.

Embodiment 228

A method for preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission comprising administering the composition of any one of embodiments 181-219, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 220 or 221.

Embodiment 229

A method for preventing cancer metastasis comprising administering the composition of any one of embodiments 181-219, or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 220 or 221.

Further embodiments of the present invention are as follows:

Embodiment A 1

A medical preparation comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein.

Embodiment A 2

The medical preparation of embodiment A 1, further comprising RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein.

Embodiment A 3

The medical preparation of embodiment A 1 or 2, further comprising RNA encoding an IL-2 protein.

Embodiment A 4

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1 to 3, further comprising RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment A 5

The medical preparation of embodiment A 4, wherein the IFNα protein is an IFNα2b protein.

Embodiment A 6

The medical preparation of embodiment A 2, comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein.

Embodiment A 7

The medical preparation of embodiment A 3, comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and RNA encoding an IL-2 protein.

Embodiment A 8

The medical preparation of embodiment A 4 or 5, comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment A 9

The medical preparation of embodiment A 4 or 5, comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, and RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment A 10

The medical preparation of embodiment A 4 or 5, comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, RNA encoding an IL-2 protein, and RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment A 11

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-10, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18 and/or (ii) the IL-12sc protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.

Embodiment A 12

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-11, wherein (i) the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and/or (ii) the GM-CSF protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.

Embodiment A 13

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 2-12, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 and/or (ii) the IL-15 sushi protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.

Embodiment A 14

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 3-13, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IL-2 protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13 and/or (ii) the IL-2 protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.

Embodiment A 15

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments 4-14, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IFNα protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23 and/or (ii) the IFNα protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

Embodiment A 16

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-15, wherein at least one RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of at least one uridine.

Embodiment A 17

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-16, wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of at least one uridine.

Embodiment A 18

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-17, wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of each uridine.

Embodiment A 19

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 16-18, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m₅U).

Embodiment A 20

The medical preparation of embodiment A 19, wherein the modified nucleobase is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ).

Embodiment A 21

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-20, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment A 22

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-21, wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment A 23

The medical preparation of embodiment A 21 or 22, wherein the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Embodiment A 24

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-23, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment A 25

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-24, wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment A 26

The medical preparation of embodiment A 24 or 25, wherein the 5′ UTR comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6.

Embodiment A 27

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-26, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment A 28

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-27, wherein each RNA comprises a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment A 29

The medical preparation of embodiment A 27 or 28, wherein the 3′ UTR comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.

Embodiment A 30

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-29, wherein at least one RNA comprises a poly-A tail.

Embodiment A 31

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-30, wherein each RNA comprises a poly-A tail.

Embodiment A 32

The medical preparation of embodiment A 30 or 31, wherein the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment A 33

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-32, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment A 34

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-33, wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment A 35

The medical preparation of embodiment A 33 or 34, wherein

-   -   a. the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or         3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G;     -   b. the 5′ UTR comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the         group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6, or a nucleotide         sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or         80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group         consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6;     -   c. the 3′ UTR comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8,         or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%,         95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ         ID NO:8; and     -   d. the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment A 36

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1 to 35, wherein the RNA is mRNA.

Embodiment A 37

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1 to 36, which comprises a further therapeutic agent.

Embodiment A 38

The medical preparation of embodiment A 37, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer therapeutic agent.

Embodiment A 39

The medical preparation of embodiment A 37 or 38, wherein the further therapeutic agent is a checkpoint modulator.

Embodiment A 40

The medical preparation of embodiment A 39, wherein the checkpoint modulator is an anti-PD1 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or a combination of an anti-PD1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

Embodiment A 41

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1 to 40, which is a kit comprising at least two containers, each container comprising at least one of said RNAs.

Embodiment A 42

The medical preparation of embodiment A 41, which comprises each RNA in a separate container.

Embodiment A 43

The medical preparation of embodiment A 41 or 42, wherein the further therapeutic agent is in a container not comprising the RNA.

Embodiment A 44

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 41-43, further comprising instructions for use of the medical preparation for treating or preventing cancer.

Embodiment A 45

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1 to 40, which is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the RNAs.

Embodiment A 46

The medical preparation of embodiment A 45, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and/or excipients.

Embodiment A 47

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1 to 46, wherein the RNA is present in a form selected from a liquid form, a solid form, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment A 48

The medical preparation of embodiment A 47, wherein the solid form is a frozen form or a dehydrated form.

Embodiment A 49

The medical preparation of embodiment A 48, wherein the dehydrated form is a freeze-dried or spray-dried form.

Embodiment A 50

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1 to 49 for pharmaceutical use.

Embodiment A 51

The medical preparation of embodiment A 50, wherein the pharmaceutical use comprises a therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of a disease or disorder.

Embodiment A 52

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1 to 51 for use in a method for treating or preventing cancer.

Embodiment A 53

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 38-52, wherein the cancer is a sarcoma, carcinoma, or lymphoma.

Embodiment A 54

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 38-53, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.

Embodiment A 55

The medical preparation of embodiment A 54, wherein the solid tumor is in the lung, colon, ovary, cervix, uterus, peritoneum, testicles, penis, tongue, lymph node, pancreas, bone, breast, prostate, soft tissue, connective tissue, kidney, liver, brain, thyroid, or skin.

Embodiment A 56

The medical preparation of embodiment A 54 or 55, wherein the solid tumor is an epithelial tumor, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, prostate tumor, ovarian tumor, renal cell tumor, gastrointestinal tract tumor, hepatic tumor, colorectal tumor, tumor with vasculature, mesothelioma tumor, pancreatic tumor, breast tumor, sarcoma tumor, lung tumor, colon tumor, brain tumor, melanoma tumor, small cell lung tumor, neuroblastoma tumor, testicular tumor, carcinoma tumor, adenocarcinoma tumor, glioma tumor, seminoma tumor, retinoblastoma, or osteosarcoma tumor.

Embodiment A 57

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-56, wherein the RNA is for intra-tumoral or peri-tumoral administration.

Embodiment A 58

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 37-57, wherein the further therapeutic agent is for systemic administration.

Embodiment A 59

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 1-58, which is for administration to a human.

Embodiment A 60

The medical preparation of any one of embodiments A 44 and 47-59, wherein treating or preventing cancer comprises reducing the size of a tumor, preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or preventing cancer metastasis in a subject.

Further embodiments of the present invention are as follows:

Embodiment B 1

RNA for use in a method for treating or preventing cancer in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein.

Embodiment B 2

The RNA of Embodiment B 1, wherein the method further comprises administering RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein.

Embodiment B 3

The RNA of Embodiment B 1 or 2, wherein the method further comprises administering RNA encoding an IL-2 protein.

Embodiment B 4

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1 to 3, wherein the method further comprises administering RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment B 5

The RNA of Embodiment B 4, wherein the IFNα protein is an IFNα2b protein.

Embodiment B 6

The RNA of Embodiment B 2, wherein the method comprises administering RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein.

Embodiment B 7

The RNA of Embodiment B 3, wherein the method comprises administering RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and RNA encoding an IL-2 protein.

Embodiment B 8

The RNA of Embodiment B 4 or 5, wherein the method comprises administering RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment B 9

The RNA of Embodiment B 4 or 5, wherein the method comprises administering RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, and RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment B 10

The RNA of Embodiment B 4 or 5, wherein the method comprises administering RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, RNA encoding an IL-2 protein, and RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment B 11

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-10, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18 and/or (ii) the IL-12sc protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.

Embodiment B 12

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-11, wherein (i) the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and/or (ii) the GM-CSF protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.

Embodiment B 13

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 2-12, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 and/or (ii) the IL-15 sushi protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.

Embodiment B 14

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 3-13, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IL-2 protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13 and/or (ii) the IL-2 protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.

Embodiment B 15

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 4-14, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IFNα protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23 and/or (ii) the IFNα protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

Embodiment B 16

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-15, wherein at least one RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of at least one uridine.

Embodiment B 17

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-16, wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of at least one uridine.

Embodiment B 18

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-17, wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleobase in place of each uridine.

Embodiment B 19

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 16-18, wherein the modified nucleobase is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m₅U).

Embodiment B 20

The RNA of Embodiment B 19, wherein the modified nucleobase is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ).

Embodiment B 21

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-20, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment B 22

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-21, wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ cap.

Embodiment B 23

The RNA of Embodiment B 21 or 22, wherein the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Embodiment B 24

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-23, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment B 25

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-24, wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ UTR.

Embodiment B 26

The RNA of Embodiment B 24 or 25, wherein the 5′ UTR comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6.

Embodiment B 27

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-26, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment B 28

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-27, wherein each RNA comprises a 3′ UTR.

Embodiment B 29

The RNA of embodiment B 27 or 28, wherein the 3′ UTR comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.

Embodiment B 30

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-29, wherein at least one RNA comprises a poly-A tail.

Embodiment B 31

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-30, wherein each RNA comprises a poly-A tail.

Embodiment B 32

The RNA of embodiment B 30 or 31, wherein the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment B 33

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-32, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment B 34

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-33, wherein each RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail.

Embodiment B 35

The RNA of embodiment B 33 or 34, wherein

-   -   a. the 5′ cap is m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or         3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G;     -   b. the 5′ UTR comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the         group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6, or a nucleotide         sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or         80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group         consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6;     -   c. the 3′ UTR comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8,         or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%,         95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ         ID NO:8; and     -   d. the poly-A tail comprises at least 100 nucleotides.

Embodiment B 36

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1 to 35, wherein the RNA is mRNA.

Embodiment B 37

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1 to 36, wherein the method further comprises administering a further therapy.

Embodiment B 38

The RNA of embodiment B 37, wherein the further therapy comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of: (i) surgery to excise, resect, or debulk a tumor, (ii) immunotherapy, (iii) radiotherapy, and (iv) chemotherapy.

Embodiment B 39

The RNA of embodiment B 37 or 38, wherein the further therapy comprises administering a further therapeutic agent.

Embodiment B 40

The RNA of embodiment B 39, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer therapeutic agent.

Embodiment B 41

The RNA of embodiment B 39 or 40, wherein the further therapeutic agent is a checkpoint modulator.

Embodiment B 42

The RNA of embodiment B 41, wherein the checkpoint modulator is an anti-PD1 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or a combination of an anti-PD1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

Embodiment B 43

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-42, wherein the cancer is a sarcoma, carcinoma, or lymphoma.

Embodiment B 44

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-43, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.

Embodiment B 45

The RNA of embodiment B 44, wherein the solid tumor is in the lung, colon, ovary, cervix, uterus, peritoneum, testicles, penis, tongue, lymph node, pancreas, bone, breast, prostate, soft tissue, connective tissue, kidney, liver, brain, thyroid, or skin.

Embodiment B 46

The RNA of embodiment B 44 or 45, wherein the solid tumor is an epithelial tumor, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, prostate tumor, ovarian tumor, renal cell tumor, gastrointestinal tract tumor, hepatic tumor, colorectal tumor, tumor with vasculature, mesothelioma tumor, pancreatic tumor, breast tumor, sarcoma tumor, lung tumor, colon tumor, brain tumor, melanoma tumor, small cell lung tumor, neuroblastoma tumor, testicular tumor, carcinoma tumor, adenocarcinoma tumor, glioma tumor, seminoma tumor, retinoblastoma, or osteosarcoma tumor.

Embodiment B 47

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-46, wherein the RNA is administered intra-tumorally or peri-tumorally.

Embodiment B 48

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 39 to 47, wherein the further therapeutic agent is administered systemically.

Embodiment B 49

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-48, wherein the subject is a human.

Embodiment B 50

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-49, wherein the RNAs are administered at the same time.

Embodiment B 51

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-50, wherein the RNAs are administered by administering a composition comprising a combination of the RNAs.

Embodiment B 52

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-49, wherein at least two of the RNAs are administered at different times.

Embodiment B 53

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1-49 and 52, wherein the RNAs are administered by administering at least two compositions, each composition comprising at least one of said RNAs.

Embodiment B 54

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1 to 53, wherein treating or preventing cancer comprises reducing the size of a tumor, preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or preventing cancer metastasis in a subject.

Embodiment B 55

The RNA of any one of embodiments B 1 to 54, which is or comprises one or more of the RNAs administered in said method.

Embodiment B 56

The RNA of embodiment B 55, which is or comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, the RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, the RNA encoding an IL-2 protein, and the RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment B 57

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein.

Embodiment B 58

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein.

Embodiment B 59

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein.

Embodiment B 60

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-2 protein.

Embodiment B 61

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment B 62

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein and the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein.

Embodiment B 63

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and the RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein.

Embodiment B 64

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and the RNA encoding an IL-2 protein.

Embodiment B 65

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, and the RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment B 66

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, the RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, and the RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

Embodiment B 67

The RNA of embodiment B 55 or 56, which is or comprises the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, the RNA encoding an IL-2 protein, and the RNA encoding an IFNα protein.

FIGURE LEGENDS

FIGS. 1A-1G shows results of experiments where B16F10 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with mRNA on days 8, 10, 12, 14 and individual tumor growth was monitored to day 41. FIG. 1A and FIG. 1D show results when using IL-2, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModA) mRNA. FIG. 1B and FIG. 1E show IL-2, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModB) mRNA. FIG. 1C and FIG. 1F show results when using luciferase mRNA (ModA). FIG. 1G shows results when using luciferase mRNA (ModB). (N=10 mice/group for A-C and N=9 mice/group for D-G).

FIGS. 2A-2D show results of experiments where CT26 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with mRNA on day 19, 21, 24, 26, 28 and 31 and individual tumor growth was monitored to day 48. FIG. 2A shows GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc (ModA). FIG. 2B shows GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc (ModB). FIG. 2C shows luciferase mRNA (ModA) as a control. FIG. 2D shows Ringer's solution as a control.

FIGS. 3A-3C show results of experiments where CT26 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with mRNA on day 13, 15, 18, 20 and 22 and tumor growth was monitored to day 42. FIG. 3A shows IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-12sc (ModB). FIG. 3B shows IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IL-12sc (ModB). FIG. 3C shows luciferase mRNA (ModB) as a control.

FIGS. 4A-4F show results of experiments where B16F10 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with cytokine mRNA mixtures on days 11, 13, 15, 17 and individual tumor growth was monitored to day 45. FIG. 4A shows IL-2, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModA). FIG. 4B is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 5A, showing IL-2, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModB). FIG. 4C shows IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModA). FIG. 4D is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 5B, showing IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModB). FIG. 4E shows control luciferase mRNA (ModA). FIG. 4F is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIGS. 5D and 6D showing control luciferase mRNA (ModB). (N=8 mice/group).

FIGS. 5A-5D show results of experiments where B16F10 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with cytokine mRNA mixtures on days 11, 13, 15, 17 and individual tumor growth was monitored to day 45. FIG. 5A is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 4B, showing IL-2, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModB). FIG. 5B is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 4D, showing IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModB). FIG. 5C is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 6C, showing IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, and IFNα (ModB). FIG. 5D is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIGS. 4F and 6D, showing luciferase mRNA (ModB) as control. (N=8 mice/group).

FIGS. 6A and 6B show results of experiments where CT26 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with cytokine mRNA mixtures on days 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and individual tumor growth was plotted. FIG. 6A is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 7A, showing GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 6B is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 7C, showing luciferase mRNA (ModB). N=8 mice/group.

FIGS. 6C and 6D show results of experiments where B16F10 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with mRNA on days 11, 13, 15, 17 and individual tumor growth was plotted. FIG. 6C is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 5C, showing GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 6D is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIGS. 4F and 5D, showing luciferase mRNA (ModB). N=8 mice/group.

FIGS. 6E and 6F show results of experiments where MC38 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with cytokine mRNA mixtures on days 11, 15, 19, 23 and individual tumor growth was plotted. FIG. 6E shows GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 6F shows luciferase mRNA (ModB). N=5 mice/group.

FIGS. 7A-7F show results of experiments where CT26 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with cytokine mRNA mixtures on days 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and individual tumor growth was plotted. FIG. 7A is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 6A, showing IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 7B shows IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 7C is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 6B, showing a luciferase mRNA (ModB) control. In a repeat study of similar design, CT26 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with cytokine mRNA mixtures on days 19, 21, 23, 26, 28 and 30 and individual tumor growth was plotted. FIG. 7D is a duplicate of the same experiment as described in FIG. 9A, showing IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 7E shows IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 7F is a duplicate of the same experiment as described in FIG. 9F, showing a luciferase mRNA (ModB) control. N=8 mice/group for Figures A-C and N=10-11 mice/group for Figures D-F.

FIGS. 8A-8H show results of experiments where CT26 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with mRNA on days 12, 15, 19 and 22 and individual tumor growth was monitored and plotted to day 35. FIG. 8A shows IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 8B shows IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 8C shows IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 8D shows GM-CSF, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 8E shows IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IL-12sc (ModB). FIG. 8F shows a luciferase mRNA (ModB) control. (N=10/group). FIGS. 8G and 8H show tumor growth kinetics of the study shown in FIGS. 8A-8F. FIG. 8G shows mean tumor volumes up to day 33 for all treatment groups. FIG. 8H shows tumor growth repression. T/C (Tumor/Control based on mean tumor volume) was calculated up to day 19.

FIGS. 9A-9F show experiments where CT26 tumor bearing mice were injected intratumorally with mRNA on days 19, 21, 23, 26, 28 and 30 and tumor growth was monitored to day 50. FIG. 9A is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 7D, showing GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 9B shows IL-2, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 9C shows GM-CSF, IL-2, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 9D shows GM-CSF, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). FIG. 9E shows GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc (ModB). FIG. 9F is a duplicate in the same experiment as described in FIG. 7F, showing shows luciferase mRNA (ModA) as control. (N=11/group for FIG. 9A-E; luciferase mRNA group N=10 for FIG. 9F).

FIGS. 10A-10B shows tumor growth kinetics of the study shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 10A shows mean tumor volumes up to day 36 for all treatment groups. FIG. 10B shows tumor growth repression. T/C (Tumor/Control based on mean tumor volume) was calculated up to day 30.

FIG. 11 shows a bar graph of data from the experiments shown in FIG. 9 showing mRNA mixtures with significant reduction in tumor volume, where the number of mice in each of the treatment groups with significant tumor reduction was compared to the luciferase control group based on Z score of tumor volume and the ratio between tumor volume change and the mean of the control group.

FIGS. 12A-12D show the results of experiments where mice that were 1) tumor naïve, or 2) had been previously injected subcutaneously with 5×10⁵B16F10 cells and rejected the original tumor following intratumoral cytokine mRNA treatment. Both groups were re-challenged with B16F10 tumors. FIG. 12A shows tumor naïve host mice. FIG. 12B shows mice that had previously rejected B16F10 tumors following intratumoral cytokine mRNA treatment with GM-CSF, IL-15sushi, IL-12sc, IFNα (ModB). Mice were monitored for 55 days following B16F10 injection and tumor growth for each mouse was plotted. All nine naïve mice engrafted with B16F10 cells developed tumors (FIG. 12A), whereas all eight tumor-free mice rejected the B16F10 cells and did not exhibit growth of B16F10 tumors (FIG. 12B). The graph in FIG. 12B has no visible data trace because all observations were zero, i.e., overlapping the horizontal axis. FIG. 12C shows an example of localized vitiligo at the tumor site. FIG. 12D shows the results of experiments where mice that were tumor naïve (triangle symbol), or had been previously injected subcutaneously with CT26 tumor cells and rejected the original tumor following intratumoral cytokine mRNA treatment (circle symbol). Both groups were re-challenged with either CT26 tumor cells (CT26-WT) or with CT26-Δgp70 tumor cells, in which the gp70-epitope had been knocked out. Mice were monitored for 21 days following tumor cell injection. All nine but one naïve mice engrafted with CT26-WT cells and all naïve mice engrafted with CT26-Δgp70 cells developed tumors, whereas all three tumor-free mice rejected the CT26 tumor cells and did not exhibit growth of CT26 and CT26-Δgp70 tumors, respectively.

FIGS. 13A-13D show the results of experiments where mice were implanted with B16F10 tumor cells on day 0 on the right (injected) and left flanks (uninjected) (FIG. 13A). Mice received a series of 4 intratumoral injections with ModB cytokine mRNA (IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα) or ModB control mRNA (luciferase) in the right tumor on days 11, 15, 19, and 23. Mean tumor volumes+/−SEM (n=12) are shown for the injected (FIG. 13B) and the contralateral uninjected tumors (FIG. 13C). Median survival is shown in FIG. 13D.

FIGS. 14A-14F show results of experiments where human HEK293 (FIG. 14B) and melanoma cell lines (A101D (FIG. 14C), A2058 (FIG. 14D), A375 (FIG. 14E), and Hs294T (FIG. 14F)) were transfected with human cytokine mRNA mixture (IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IL-15 sushi and IFNα2b) in a range of mRNA doses. Supernatants were collected 24 hrs after transfection and protein concentrations were determined with cytokine specific ELISAs. FIG. 14A shows a schematic of the experiment.

FIGS. 15A-15B show a schematic (FIG. 15A) and results (FIG. 15B) from a study where a human cytokine mRNA mixture encoding IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b, or individual cytokine mRNAs, were transfected in HEK293 cells and the conditioned media was collected at 24 hrs, diluted and added to human PBMCs. IFNγ was measured in the PBMC culture supernatant at 24 hrs. (N=6 donors, Mean).

FIGS. 16A-16E show the results of experiments where immune compromised mice bearing human A375 tumor xenografts received a single injection with the ModB mRNA mixture encoding the human cytokines (IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b; “the IL15 sushi mixture”) or (IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b; “the IL2 mixture”). Tumor cell lysates were prepared at 2 hrs, 4 hrs, 8 hrs, 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs after injection and the concentration of each cytokine was measured with respect to the total protein in the tumor lysates (n=3 mice/time point, +/−SEM). FIG. 16A shows IFNα2b, FIG. 16B shows IL-2, FIG. 16C shows IL-12sc, FIG. 16D shows IL-15 sushi, and FIG. 16E shows GM-CSF.

FIGS. 17A-17C show the results of experiments where mRNA was isolated from A375 tumors at 2 hrs, 4 hrs, 8 hrs, 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs after injection of ModB cytokine mRNA mixture (IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα2b) or (IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα2b). Expression of interferon alpha response genes were monitored by qPCR. FIG. 17A shows human ISG15, FIG. 17B shows human ISG54, and FIG. 17C shows human MX1.

FIGS. 18A-18E show the results of experiments where mice were implanted with B16F10 tumor cells and treated with mRNA mixtures (FLT3L, IL-2, 41BBL, and CD27L-CD40L) with or without IFNα. mRNA mixtures without IFNα in standard (ModA, FIG. 18B) and modified forms (ModB, FIG. 18C) were compared to those including IFNα in standard (ModA, FIG. 18D) and modified forms (ModB, FIG. 18E). FIG. 18A is a negative control where Ringer's media without mRNA was provided.

FIGS. 19A-19E show the results of experiments where mice were implanted with tumors on one flank and received an IV injection of luciferase-expressing tumor cells that homed to the lung (FIG. 19A). Mice in the treatment group received intratumoral injections of mRNA mixtures IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα into the flank tumor only while tumors in the lung were untreated. FIG. 19B shows exemplarily bioluminescence measurements in lungs and pictures of the according lungs taken out on the same day (day 20); tumor nodes are visual as black marks; FIG. 19C shows mean tumor volume of flank tumors as determined by caliper measurements; FIG. 19D shows total flux analysis of bioluminescence measurements on day 20; FIG. 19E shows lung weights.

FIGS. 20A-20G show the results of experiments designed to assess the effect of intratumoral injection of mRNA mixtures in combination with systemic administration of antibodies in dual flank tumor models. Mice implanted with either the B16F10 tumor on the left and right flank or MC38 tumors on the left and right flank received intratumoral injections with an mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (Mod B) into only one flank tumor, while the other flank tumor was untreated. Mice also received intraperitoneal (systemic) injection of an anti-PD1 antibody. FIG. 20 shows overall survival in the B16F10 (FIG. 20A) and MC38 (FIG. 20B) tumor models. FIGS. 20C-G show the results of an experiment evaluating the anti-PD-1 antibody where mice were implanted with B16F10 tumors on one flank and received an IV injection of luciferase-expressing B16F10 tumor cells that homed to the lung. Mice received three intratumoral injections with an mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα and also received three intraperitoneal (systemic) injection of an anti-PD-1 antibody. Tumor growth of the SC tumors is depicted in FIG. 20C-F. FIG. 20C shows control mRNA and control antibody; FIG. 20D shows control mRNA plus anti-PD1 antibody; FIG. 20E shows cytokine mRNA mixture plus isotype control antibody. FIG. 20F shows cytokine mRNA plus anti-PD-1 antibody. FIG. 20G shows percent survival of all four treatment groups until day 70 after IV tumor inoculation; the treatment group that received mRNA plus anti-PD-1 antibody showed strongest anti-tumoral activity with 6 out of 15 mice being tumor-free on day 40 after tumor inoculation.

FIGS. 21A-21I show the results of additional experiments designed to assess the effect of intratumoral injection of mRNA mixtures in combination with systemic administration of antibodies. Mice bearing CT26 tumors received intratumoral injections with an mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα. Mice also received intraperitoneal (systemic) injection of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. FIG. 21A shows that the combination therapy of intratumoral cytokine mRNA and IP-injected anti-CTLA-4 resulted in strongest anti-tumoral activity with 12 out of 16 mice being tumor-free on day 55 after tumor inoculation. FIG. 21B shows cytokine mRNA mixture plus isotype control antibody; FIG. 21C shows control mRNA plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody; FIG. 21D shows control mRNA and control antibody. FIGS. 21E-21I show the results of additional experiments designed to assess the effect of intratumoral injection of mRNA mixtures in combination with anti-CTLA-4 antibody in B16F10 tumor model. Mice bearing B16F10 tumors received intratumoral injections with an mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα. Mice also received intraperitoneal (systemic) injection of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. FIG. 21E shows that the combination therapy of intratumoral cytokine mRNA and IP-injected anti-CTLA-4 resulted in strongest anti-tumoral activity with 6 out of 9 mice being tumor-free on day 70 after tumor inoculation. FIG. 21F shows cytokine mRNA mixture plus isotype control antibody; FIG. 21G shows control mRNA plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody; FIG. 21H shows control mRNA and control antibody. FIG. 21I shows percent survival of all four treatment groups until day 70 after tumor inoculation.

FIGS. 22A-22D shows the results of experiments designed to evaluate the effect of intratumoral injection of cytokine mRNA (Mod B) in human tumor xenografts of different human cancers. Intratumoral expression of each of the 4 mRNA encoded cytokines is shown: IL-12sc (FIG. 22A), IFNα2b (FIG. 22B), GM-CSF (FIG. 22C), and IL-15 sushi (FIG. 22D).

FIGS. 23A-23D show the results of experiments designed to evaluate the effect of different intratumoral mRNA doses on the expression of the encoded cytokines: IL-15 sushi (FIG. 23A), IL-12sc (FIG. 23B), GM-CSF (FIG. 23C) and IFNα2b (FIG. 23D).

FIGS. 24A-24G show the results of experiments where mice were implanted with B16F10 tumor, and treated with four intratumoral injections of cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα (ModB) or mRNA encoding a single cytokine. Tumor volume out to approximately day 70 was measured. FIG. 24A shows luciferase control; FIG. 24B shows the four-cytokine mixture; FIG. 24C shows IL-12sc mRNA only; FIG. 24D shows GM-CSF mRNA only; FIG. 24E shows IFNα mRNA only; and FIG. 24F shows IL-15 sushi only. FIG. 24G shows overall survival of B16F10 tumors treated with cytokine mRNA mixture or individual mRNA encoded cytokines. Survival data is from experiment presented in FIG. 24A-F.

FIG. 25 shows CD8+ immune cell infiltrate in subcutaneous tumors after control mRNA (“placebo”) and cytokine mRNA treatment.

FIGS. 26A-26C show results of measurements of CD8+ T cells specific for the gp70 tumor antigen of gp70 in blood of CT26 tumor bearing mice that had received intratumoral administration of cytokine mRNA treatment and control mRNA, respectively. FIG. 26C shows exemplarily a FACS histogram of CD8+ T cells stained with anti-mouse CD8 antibody and with the gp70-specific tetramer derived from an animal that had received control mRNA and FIG. 26B shows the example from one animal treated with cytokine mRNA. FIG. 26C shows the analysis of percentage of gp70-specific CD8+ T-cells in blood 13 days after treatment start from 9 mice that had received four injections of control mRNA and 10 mice that had received 4 injections of cytokine mRNA.

FIGS. 27A-27C show experiments where mice bearing B16F10 tumors on the left and right flanks received a single intratumoral mRNA injection with cytokine mRNA or control mRNA in only one tumor. On day 7 following the mRNA injection the left and right tumors were collected and subjected to RNA sequencing. FIG. 27B shows the results of ingenuity pathway analysis comparing the gene expression changes between the cytokine mRNA treatment vs control mRNA treated tumors. Causal network analysis for treated tumor side (Column 1) and untreated tumor side (Column 2) was performed and Activation Z score (Top half) and Inhibition Z score (Lower half) was analyzed to define pathways up and down regulated, respectively. FIG. 27 shows cluster analysis of injected and non-injected tumors was performed based on 327 interferon gamma regulated genes. Both the injected and non-injected tumors of mice treated with cytokine mRNA showed upregulation of multiple IFN gamma genes in comparison to mice treated with control mRNA.

FIGS. 28A-28D show fluorescence micrographs of cells from a B16F10 dualtumor model. Panel A shows the injected tumor treated with cytokine mRNA and panel B shows the corresponding uninjected tumor. Panel C shows the injected tumor treated with control mRNA and panel D shows the corresponding uninjected tumor. The slides were stained for CD4+, CD8+, and FoxP3+ cells.

FIGS. 28E-G show frequency of CD4+, CD8+ and FOXP3+ cells quantified in the immunofluorescent images. The frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ cells/mm² is presented in FIGS. 28E and 28F. The ratio of the CD8+ frequency divided by FOXP3+ frequency is presented in FIG. 28G.

FIGS. 29A-29G show mice with a single B16F10 tumor received a single injection with either mRNA encoding the Thy1.1 cell surface protein or vehicle alone (Ringer's solution). At approximately 16-18 hours following intratumoral injection the tumor was excised, digested, stained with a panel of antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell type and frequency of cells expressing Thy1.1 were characterized.

FIGS. 30A-30F show expression of the indicated proteins following various doses of cytokine mRNA or luciferase control mRNA detected in tumor lysates as described in Example 15. “IFNy” in FIG. 30E indicates IFNγ.

FIGS. 31A-31B show flow cytometry results for CD8+ and FOXP3+(Treg) cells following control or cytokine mRNA treatments as described in Example 15. The observed ratio of CD8+ to Treg cells is shown in each panel.

FIGS. 31C-31D show flow cytometry results for polyfunctional CD8+ T cells following control or cytokine mRNA treatments as described in Example 15. The proportion of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells is shown in each panel.

FIG. 31E shows the level of PD-L1 on infiltrating myeloid cells following control or cytokine mRNA treatments as described in Example 15.

FIG. 31F shows the level of PD-1 on infiltrating CD8+ cells following control or cytokine mRNA treatments as described in Example 15.

FIGS. 31G-H show the frequency of intratumoral Granzyme B CD8+ T cells following control or cytokine mRNA treatments as described in Example 15.

FIGS. 32A-32B show luciferase expression in various tissues following intratumoral injection of 50 μg mRNA encoding firefly luciferase as described in Example 16.

FIG. 33 shows data relating to an experiment essentially as shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 34 shows the effect of depleting CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells or NK cells before treatment with cytokine mRNAs on survival in mice bearing B16F10 tumors as described in Example 17.

FIG. 35 shows survival of WT and IFNγ KO mice implanted with B16F10 tumor cells as described in Example 1 and treated with control or cytokine mRNAs as described in Example 18.

FIG. 36 shows a “peri-tumorally,” or “peri-tumoral,” area that is about 2-mm wide and is adjacent to the invasive front of the tumor periphery. The peri-tumoral area comprises host tissue.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

Tables 1 and 2 provide a listing of certain sequences referenced herein.

TABLE 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES (human sequences) SEQ ID NO: Description SEQUENCE 5′ UTR  1 ModA 5′ UTR GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACC (DNA)  2 ModA 5′ UTR GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACC (RNA)  3 ModB 5′ UTR GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA (DNA) TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCC  4 ModB 5′ UTR GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA (RNA) UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCC  5 Alternative AGACGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACC Mod 5′ UTR (DNA)  6 Alternative AGACGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACC Mod 5′ UTR (RNA) 3′ UTR  7 ModA/B 3′ CTCGAGCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTA UTR (DNA) TGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGC CTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTC AATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCGAGACCTGGTCCAGAGTCGCTAGCCGCGTCGCTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATA TGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA  8 ModA/B 3′ CUCGAGCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUA UTR (RNA) UGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGC CUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUC AAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCGAGACCUGGUCCAGAGUCGCUAGCCGCGUCGCUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUA UGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA IL-2  9 Human IL-2 MYRMQLLSCIALSLALVTNSAPTSSSTKKTQLQLEHLLLDLQMILNGINNYKNPKLTRMLTFKFYMPKKATELKHLQCLEEELKPLEE (amino VLNLAQSKNFHLRPRDLISNINVIVLELKGSETTFMCEYADETATIVEFLNRWITFCQSIISTLT acid) 10 Human non- ATGTACAGGATGCAACTCCTGTCTTGCATTGCACTAAGTCTTGCACTTGTCACAAACAGTGCACCTACTTCAAGTTCTACAAAGAAAA optimized CACAGCTACAACTGGAGCATTTACTGCTGGATTTACAGATGATTTTGAATGGAATTAATAATTACAAGAATCCCAAACTCACCAGGAT IL-2 (CDS GCTCACATTTAAGTTTTACATGCCCAAGAAGGCCACAGAACTGAAACATCTTCAGTGTCTAGAAGAAGAACTCAAACCTCTGGAGGAA DNA) GTGCTAAATTTAGCTCAAAGCAAAAACTTTCACTTAAGACCCAGGGACTTAATCAGCAATATCAACGTAATAGTTCTGGAACTAAAGG GATCTGAAACAACATTCATGTGTGAATATGCTGATGAGACAGCAACCATTGTAGAATTTCTGAACAGATGGATTACCTTTTGTCAAAG CATCATCTCAACACTGACTTGATGA 11 Human ATGTACAGAATGCAGCTGCTGTCTTGCATTGCTCTTTCTCTTGCTCTTGTGACAAATTCTGCTCCAACATCTTCTTCAACAAAGAAAA optimized CACAGCTTCAGCTTGAACACCTTCTTCTTGATCTTCAGATGATTCTGAATGGAATCAACAATTACAAAAATCCAAAACTGACAAGAAT IL-2 (CDS GCTGACATTTAAATTTTACATGCCAAAGAAAGCAACAGAACTGAAACACCTTCAGTGCCTTGAAGAAGAACTGAAACCTCTGGAAGAA DNA) GTGCTGAATCTGGCTCAGAGCAAAAATTTTCACCTGAGACCAAGAGATCTGATCAGCAACATCAATGTGATTGTGCTGGAACTGAAAG GATCTGAAACAACATTCATGTGTGAATATGCTGATGAAACAGCAACAATTGTGGAATTTCTGAACAGATGGATCACATTTTGCCAGTC AATCATTTCAACACTGACATGATGA 12 Human non- AUGUACAGGAUGCAACUCCUGUCUUGCAUUGCACUAAGUCUUGCACUUGUCACAAACAGUGCACCUACUUCAAGUUCUACAAAGAAAA optimized CACAGCUACAACUGGAGCAUUUACUGCUGGAUUUACAGAUGAUUUUGAAUGGAAUUAAUAAUUACAAGAAUCCCAAACUCACCAGGAU IL-2 (RNA GCUCACAUUUAAGUUUUACAUGCCCAAGAAGGCCACAGAACUGAAACAUCUUCAGUGUCUAGAAGAAGAACUCAAACCUCUGGAGGAA encoding GUGCUAAAUUUAGCUCAAAGCAAAAACUUUCACUUAAGACCCAGGGACUUAAUCAGCAAUAUCAACGUAAUAGUUCUGGAACUAAAGG CDS) GAUCUGAAACAACAUUCAUGUGUGAAUAUGCUGAUGAGACAGCAACCAUUGUAGAAUUUCUGAACAGAUGGAUUACCUUUUGUCAAAG CAUCAUCUCAACACUGACUUGAUGA 13 Human AUGUACAGAAUGCAGCUGCUGUCUUGCAUUGCUCUUUCUCUUGCUCUUGUGACAAAUUCUGCUCCAACAUCUUCUUCAACAAAGAAAA optimized CACAGCUUCAGCUUGAACACCUUCUUCUUGAUCUUCAGAUGAUUCUGAAUGGAAUCAACAAUUACAAAAAUCCAAAACUGACAAGAAU IL-2 (RNA GCUGACAUUUAAAUUUUACAUGCCAAAGAAAGCAACAGAACUGAAACACCUUCAGUGCCUUGAAGAAGAACUGAAACCUCUGGAAGAA encoding GUGCUGAAUCUGGCUCAGAGCAAAAAUUUUCACCUGAGACCAAGAGAUCUGAUCAGCAACAUCAAUGUGAUUGUGCUGGAACUGAAAG CDS) GAUCUGAAACAACAUUCAUGUGUGAAUAUGCUGAUGAAACAGCAACAAUUGUGGAAUUUCUGAACAGAUGGAUCACAUUUUGCCAGUC AAUCAUUUCAACACUGACAUGAUGA IL-12sc 14 Human IL- MCHQQLVISWFSLVFLASPLVAIWELKKDVYVVELDWYPDAPGEMVVLTCDTPEEDGITWTLDQSSEVLGSGKTLTIQVKEFGDAGQY 12sc (amino TCHKGGEVLSHSLLLLHKKEDGIWSTDILKDQKEPKNKTFLRCEAKNYSGRFTCWWLTTISTDLTFSVKSSRGSSDPQGVTCGAATLS acid) AERVRGDNKEYEYSVECQEDSACPAAEESLPIEVMVDAVHKLKYENYTSSFFIRDIIKPDPPKNLQLKPLKNSRQVEVSWEYPDTWST PHSYFSLTFCVQVQGKSKREKKDRVETDKTSATVICRKNASISVRAQDRYYSSSWSEWASVPCSGSSGGGGSPGGGSSRNLPVATPDP GMFPCLHHSQNLLRAVSNMLQKARQTLEFYPCTSEEIDHEDITKDKTSTVEACLPLELTKNESCLNSRETSFITNGSCLASRKTSFMM ALCLSSIYEDLKMYQVEFKTMNAKLLMDPKRQIFLDQNMLAVIDELMQALNFNSETVPQKSSLEEPDFYKTKIKLCILLHAFRIRAVT IDRVMSYLNAS 15 Human non- ATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTTTTTCTGGCATCTCCCCTCGTGGCCATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATG optimized TTTATGTCGTAGAATTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGTGACACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCAC IL-12sc CTGGACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGAGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAAACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAAGAGTTTGGAGATGCTGGCCAGTAC (CDS DNA) ACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCGCTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAAAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAA Sequence AGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAAAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGAC annotation AATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAAAGCAGCAGAGGGTCTTCTGACCCCCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCT CAPS: p40 GCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTC domain; TGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAAAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACC CAPS: TGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACT linker; CCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAAAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGA CAPS: p35. CCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAAAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGC ATCTGTGCCCTGCAGTGGCTCTAGCGGAGGGGGAGGCTCTCCTGGCGGGGGATCTAGCAGAAACCTCCCCGTGGCCACTCCAGACCCA GGAATGTTCCCATGCCTTCACCACTCCCAAAACCTGCTGAGGGCCGTCAGCAACATGCTCCAGAAGGCCAGACAAACTCTAGAATTTT ACCCTTGCACTTCTGAGGAAATTGATCATGAAGATATCACAAAAGATAAAACCAGCACAGTGGAGGCCTGTTTACCATTGGAATTAAC CAAGAATGAGAGTTGCCTAAATTCCAGAGAGACCTCTTTCATAACTAATGGGAGTTGCCTGGCCTCCAGAAAGACCTCTTTTATGATG GCCCTGTGCCTTAGTAGTATTTATGAAGACTTGAAGATGTACCAGGTGGAGTTCAAGACCATGAATGCAAAGCTTCTGATGGATCCTA AGAGGCAGATCTTTCTAGATCAAAACATGCTGGCAGTTATTGATGAGCTGATGCAGGCCCTGAATTTCAACAGTGAGACTGTGCCACA AAAATCCTCCCTTGAAGAACCGGATTTTTATAAAACTAAAATCAAGCTCTGCATACTTCTTCATGCTTTCAGAATTCGGGCAGTGACT ATTGATAGAGTGATGAGCTATCTGAATGCTTCCTGATGA 16 Human ATGTGTCACCAGCAGCTGGTGATCTCATGGTTCTCCCTGGTATTTCTGGCATCTCCTCTTGTCGCAATCTGGGAACTGAAGAAAGACG optimized TGTATGTCGTTGAGCTCGACTGGTATCCGGATGCGCCTGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTGACCTGTGACACCCCAGAGGAGGATGGGATCAC IL-12sc TTGGACCCTTGATCAATCCTCCGAAGTGCTCGGGTCTGGCAAGACTCTGACCATACAAGTGAAAGAGTTTGGCGATGCCGGGCAGTAC (CDS DNA) ACTTGCCATAAGGGCGGAGAAGTTCTGTCCCACTCACTGCTGCTGCTGCACAAGAAAGAGGACGGAATTTGGAGTACCGATATCCTGA Sequence AAGATCAGAAAGAGCCCAAGAACAAAACCTTCTTGCGGTGCGAAGCCAAGAACTACTCAGGGAGATTTACTTGTTGGTGGCTGACGAC annotation GATCAGCACCGATCTGACTTTCTCCGTGAAATCAAGTAGGGGATCATCTGACCCTCAAGGAGTCACATGTGGAGCGGCTACTCTGAGC CAPS: p40 GCTGAACGCGTAAGAGGGGACAATAAGGAGTACGAGTATAGCGTTGAGTGCCAAGAGGATAGCGCATGCCCCGCCGCCGAAGAATCAT domain; TGCCCATTGAAGTGATGGTGGATGCTGTACACAAGCTGAAGTATGAGAACTACACAAGCTCCTTCTTCATCCGTGACATCATCAAACC CAPS: AGATCCTCCTAAGAACCTCCAGCTTAAACCTCTGAAGAACTCTAGACAGGTGGAAGTGTCTTGGGAGTATCCCGACACCTGGTCTACA linker; CCACATTCCTACTTCAGTCTCACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTACAGGGCAAGTCCAAAAGGGAGAAGAAGGATCGGGTCTTTACAGATAAAA CAPS: p35. CAAGTGCCACCGTTATATGCCGGAAGAATGCCTCTATTTCTGTGCGTGCGCAGGACAGATACTATAGCAGCTCTTGGAGTGAATGGGC CAGTGTCCCATGTTCAGGGTCATCCGGTGGTGGCGGCAGCCCCGGAGGCGGTAGCTCCAGAAATCTCCCTGTGGCTACACCTGATCCA GGCATGTTTCCCTGTTTGCACCATAGCCAAAACCTCCTGAGAGCAGTCAGCAACATGCTCCAGAAAGCTAGACAAACACTGGAATTCT ACCCATGCACCTCCGAGGAAATAGATCACGAGGATATCACTAAGGACAAAACAAGCACTGTCGAAGCATGCCTTCCCTTGGAACTGAC AAAGAACGAGAGTTGCCTTAATTCAAGAGAAACATCTTTCATTACAAACGGTAGCTGCTTGGCAAGCAGAAAAACATCTTTTATGATG GCCCTTTGTCTGAGCAGTATTTATGAGGATCTCAAAATGTACCAGGTGGAGTTTAAGACCATGAATGCCAAGCTGCTGATGGACCCAA AGAGACAGATTTTCCTCGATCAGAATATGCTGGCTGTGATTGATGAACTGATGCAGGCCTTGAATTTCAACAGCGAAACCGTTCCCCA GAAAAGCAGTCTTGAAGAACCTGACTTTTATAAGACCAAGATCAAACTGTGTATTCTCCTGCATGCCTTTAGAATCAGAGCAGTCACT ATAGATAGAGTGATGTCCTACCTGAATGCTTCCTGATGA 17 Human non- AUGUGUCACCAGCAGUUGGUCAUCUCUUGGUUUUCCCUGGUUUUUCUGGCAUCUCCCCUCGUGGCCAUAUGGGAACUGAAGAAAGAUG optimized UUUAUGUCGUAGAAUUGGAUUGGUAUCCGGAUGCCCCUGGAGAAAUGGUGGUCCUCACCUGUGACACCCCUGAAGAAGAUGGUAUCAC IL-12sc CUGGACCUUGGACCAGAGCAGUGAGGUCUUAGGCUCUGGCAAAACCCUGACCAUCCAAGUCAAAGAGUUUGGAGAUGCUGGCCAGUAC (RNA ACCUGUCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGUUCUAAGCCAUUCGCUCCUGCUGCUUCACAAAAAGGAAGAUGGAAUUUGGUCCACUGAUAUUUUAA encoding AGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAAAAUAAGACCUUUCUAAGAUGCGAGGCCAAGAAUUAUUCUGGACGUUUCACCUGCUGGUGGCUGACGAC CDS) AAUCAGUACUGAUUUGACAUUCAGUGUCAAAAGCAGCAGAGGGUCUUCUGACCCCCAAGGGGUGACGUGCGGAGCUGCUACACUCUCU GCAGAGAGAGUCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGUAUGAGUACUCAGUGGAGUGCCAGGAGGACAGUGCCUGCCCAGCUGCUGAGGAGAGUC UGCCCAUUGAGGUCAUGGUGGAUGCCGUUCACAAGCUCAAGUAUGAAAACUACACCAGCAGCUUCUUCAUCAGGGACAUCAUCAAACC UGACCCACCCAAGAACUUGCAGCUGAAGCCAUUAAAGAAUUCUCGGCAGGUGGAGGUCAGCUGGGAGUACCCUGACACCUGGAGUACU CCACAUUCCUACUUCUCCCUGACAUUCUGCGUUCAGGUCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAAAAGAAAGAUAGAGUCUUCACGGACAAGA CCUCAGCCACGGUCAUCUGCCGCAAAAAUGCCAGCAUUAGCGUGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCUACUAUAGCUCAUCUUGGAGCGAAUGGGC AUCUGUGCCCUGCAGUGGCUCUAGCGGAGGGGGAGGCUCUCCUGGCGGGGGAUCUAGCAGAAACCUCCCCGUGGCCACUCCAGACCCA GGAAUGUUCCCAUGCCUUCACCACUCCCAAAACCUGCUGAGGGCCGUCAGCAACAUGCUCCAGAAGGCCAGACAAACUCUAGAAUUUU ACCCUUGCACUUCUGAGGAAAUUGAUCAUGAAGAUAUCACAAAAGAUAAAACCAGCACAGUGGAGGCCUGUUUACCAUUGGAAUUAAC CAAGAAUGAGAGUUGCCUAAAUUCCAGAGAGACCUCUUUCAUAACUAAUGGGAGUUGCCUGGCCUCCAGAAAGACCUCUUUUAUGAUG GCCCUGUGCCUUAGUAGUAUUUAUGAAGACUUGAAGAUGUACCAGGUGGAGUUCAAGACCAUGAAUGCAAAGCUUCUGAUGGAUCCUA AGAGGCAGAUCUUUCUAGAUCAAAACAUGCUGGCAGUUAUUGAUGAGCUGAUGCAGGCCCUGAAUUUCAACAGUGAGACUGUGCCACA AAAAUCCUCCCUUGAAGAACCGGAUUUUUAUAAAACUAAAAUCAAGCUCUGCAUACUUCUUCAUGCUUUCAGAAUUCGGGCAGUGACU AUUGAUAGAGUGAUGAGCUAUCUGAAUGCUUCCUGAUGA 18 Human AUGUGUCACCAGCAGCUGGUGAUCUCAUGGUUCUCCCUGGUAUUUCUGGCAUCUCCUCUUGUCGCAAUCUGGGAACUGAAGAAAGACG Optimized UGUAUGUCGUUGAGCUCGACUGGUAUCCGGAUGCGCCUGGCGAGAUGGUGGUGCUGACCUGUGACACCCCAGAGGAGGAUGGGAUCAC IL-12sc UUGGACCCUUGAUCAAUCCUCCGAAGUGCUCGGGUCUGGCAAGACUCUGACCAUACAAGUGAAAGAGUUUGGCGAUGCCGGGCAGUAC (RNA ACUUGCCAUAAGGGCGGAGAAGUUCUGUCCCACUCACUGCUGCUGCUGCACAAGAAAGAGGACGGAAUUUGGAGUACCGAUAUCCUGA encoding AAGAUCAGAAAGAGCCCAAGAACAAAACCUUCUUGCGGUGCGAAGCCAAGAACUACUCAGGGAGAUUUACUUGUUGGUGGCUGACGAC CDS) GAUCAGCACCGAUCUGACUUUCUCCGUGAAAUCAAGUAGGGGAUCAUCUGACCCUCAAGGAGUCACAUGUGGAGCGGCUACUCUGAGC GCUGAACGCGUAAGAGGGGACAAUAAGGAGUACGAGUAUAGCGUUGAGUGCCAAGAGGAUAGCGCAUGCCCCGCCGCCGAAGAAUCAU UGCCCAUUGAAGUGAUGGUGGAUGCUGUACACAAGCUGAAGUAUGAGAACUACACAAGCUCCUUCUUCAUCCGUGACAUCAUCAAACC AGAUCCUCCUAAGAACCUCCAGCUUAAACCUCUGAAGAACUCUAGACAGGUGGAAGUGUCUUGGGAGUAUCCCGACACCUGGUCUACA CCACAUUCCUACUUCAGUCUCACAUUCUGCGUUCAGGUACAGGGCAAGUCCAAAAGGGAGAAGAAGGAUCGGGUCUUUACAGAUAAAA CAAGUGCCACCGUUAUAUGCCGGAAGAAUGCCUCUAUUUCUGUGCGUGCGCAGGACAGAUACUAUAGCAGCUCUUGGAGUGAAUGGGC CAGUGUCCCAUGUUCAGGGUCAUCCGGUGGUGGCGGCAGCCCCGGAGGCGGUAGCUCCAGAAAUCUCCCUGUGGCUACACCUGAUCCA GGCAUGUUUCCCUGUUUGCACCAUAGCCAAAACCUCCUGAGAGCAGUCAGCAACAUGCUCCAGAAAGCUAGACAAACACUGGAAUUCU ACCCAUGCACCUCCGAGGAAAUAGAUCACGAGGAUAUCACUAAGGACAAAACAAGCACUGUCGAAGCAUGCCUUCCCUUGGAACUGAC AAAGAACGAGAGUUGCCUUAAUUCAAGAGAAACAUCUUUCAUUACAAACGGUAGCUGCUUGGCAAGCAGAAAAACAUCUUUUAUGAUG GCCCUUUGUCUGAGCAGUAUUUAUGAGGAUCUCAAAAUGUACCAGGUGGAGUUUAAGACCAUGAAUGCCAAGCUGCUGAUGGACCCAA AGAGACAGAUUUUCCUCGAUCAGAAUAUGCUGGCUGUGAUUGAUGAACUGAUGCAGGCCUUGAAUUUCAACAGCGAAACCGUUCCCCA GAAAAGCAGUCUUGAAGAACCUGACUUUUAUAAGACCAAGAUCAAACUGUGUAUUCUCCUGCAUGCCUUUAGAAUCAGAGCAGUCACU AUAGAUAGAGUGAUGUCCUACCUGAAUGCUUCCUGAUGA IFNalpha2b (IFNα2b) 19 Human MALTFALLVALLVLSCKSSCSVGCDLPQTHSLGSRRTLMLLAQMRRISLFSCLKDRHDFGFPQEEFGNQFQKAETIPVLHEMIQQIFN IFNα2b LFSTKDSSAAWDETLLDKFYTELYQQLNDLEACVIQGVGVTETPLMKEDSILAVRKYFQRITLYLKEKKYSPCAWEVVRAEIMRSFSL (amino STNLQESLRSKE acid) 20 Human non- ATGGCCTTGACCTTTGCTTTACTGGTGGCCCTCCTGGTGCTCAGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCTCTGTGGGCTGTGATCTGCCTCAAACCC optimized ACAGCCTGGGTAGCAGGAGGACCTTGATGCTCCTGGCACAGATGAGGAGAATCTCTCTTTTCTCCTGCTTGAAGGACAGACATGACTT IFNα2b TGGATTTCCCCAGGAGGAGTTTGGCAACCAGTTCCAAAAGGCTGAAACCATCCCTGTCCTCCATGAGATGATCCAGCAGATCTTCAAC (CDS DNA) CTTTTCAGCACAAAGGACTCATCTGCTGCTTGGGATGAGACCCTCCTAGACAAATTCTACACTGAACTCTACCAGCAGCTGAATGACC TGGAAGCCTGTGTGATACAGGGGGTGGGGGTGACAGAGACTCCCCTGATGAAGGAGGACTCCATTCTGGCTGTGAGGAAATACTTCCA AAGAATCACTCTCTATCTGAAAGAGAAGAAATACAGCCCTTGTGCCTGGGAGGTTGTCAGAGCAGAAATCATGAGATCTTTTTCTTTG TCAACAAACTTGCAAGAAAGTTTAAGAAGTAAGGAATGATGA 21 Human ATGGCCCTGACTTTTGCCCTTCTCGTGGCTTTGTTGGTGCTGAGTTGCAAATCTTCCTGTAGTGTCGGATGTGATCTGCCTCAAACCC optimized ACAGTCTGGGATCTAGGAGAACACTGATGCTGTTGGCACAGATGAGGAGAATTAGCCTCTTTTCCTGCCTGAAGGATAGACATGACTT IFNα2b CGGCTTTCCCCAAGAGGAGTTTGGCAATCAGTTCCAGAAAGCGGAAACGATTCCCGTTCTGCACGAGATGATCCAGCAGATCTTCAAC (CDS DNA) CTCTTTTCAACCAAAGACAGCTCAGCAGCCTGGGATGAGACACTGCTGGACAAATTCTACACAGAACTGTATCAGCAGCTTAACGATC TGGAGGCATGCGTGATCCAAGGGGTTGGTGTGACTGAAACTCCGCTTATGAAGGAGGACTCCATTCTGGCTGTACGGAAGTACTTCCA GAGAATAACCCTCTATCTGAAGGAGAAGAAGTACTCACCATGTGCTTGGGAAGTCGTGAGAGCCGAAATCATGAGATCCTTCAGCCTT AGCACCAATCTCCAGGAATCTCTGAGAAGCAAAGAGTGATGA 22 Human non- AUGGCCUUGACCUUUGCUUUACUGGUGGCCCUCCUGGUGCUCAGCUGCAAGUCAAGCUGCUCUGUGGGCUGUGAUCUGCCUCAAACCC optimized ACAGCCUGGGUAGCAGGAGGACCUUGAUGCUCCUGGCACAGAUGAGGAGAAUCUCUCUUUUCUCCUGCUUGAAGGACAGACAUGACUU IFNα2b (RNA UGGAUUUCCCCAGGAGGAGUUUGGCAACCAGUUCCAAAAGGCUGAAACCAUCCCUGUCCUCCAUGAGAUGAUCCAGCAGAUCUUCAAC encoding CUUUUCAGCACAAAGGACUCAUCUGCUGCUUGGGAUGAGACCCUCCUAGACAAAUUCUACACUGAACUCUACCAGCAGCUGAAUGACC CDS) UGGAAGCCUGUGUGAUACAGGGGGUGGGGGUGACAGAGACUCCCCUGAUGAAGGAGGACUCCAUUCUGGCUGUGAGGAAAUACUUCCA AAGAAUCACUCUCUAUCUGAAAGAGAAGAAAUACAGCCCUUGUGCCUGGGAGGUUGUCAGAGCAGAAAUCAUGAGAUCUUUUUCUUUG UCAACAAACUUGCAAGAAAGUUUAAGAAGUAAGGAAUGAUGA 23 Human AUGGCCCUGACUUUUGCCCUUCUCGUGGCUUUGUUGGUGCUGAGUUGCAAAUCUUCCUGUAGUGUCGGAUGUGAUCUGCCUCAAACCC optimized ACAGUCUGGGAUCUAGGAGAACACUGAUGCUGUUGGCACAGAUGAGGAGAAUUAGCCUCUUUUCCUGCCUGAAGGAUAGACAUGACUU IFNα2b (RNA CGGCUUUCCCCAAGAGGAGUUUGGCAAUCAGUUCCAGAAAGCGGAAACGAUUCCCGUUCUGCACGAGAUGAUCCAGCAGAUCUUCAAC encoding CUCUUUUCAACCAAAGACAGCUCAGCAGCCUGGGAUGAGACACUGCUGGACAAAUUCUACACAGAACUGUAUCAGCAGCUUAACGAUC CDS) UGGAGGCAUGCGUGAUCCAAGGGGUUGGUGUGACUGAAACUCCGCUUAUGAAGGAGGACUCCAUUCUGGCUGUACGGAAGUACUUCCA GAGAAUAACCCUCUAUCUGAAGGAGAAGAAGUACUCACCAUGUGCUUGGGAAGUCGUGAGAGCCGAAAUCAUGAGAUCCUUCAGCCUU AGCACCAAUCUCCAGGAAUCUCUGAGAAGCAAAGAGUGAUGA IL-15 sushi 24 Human IL-15 MAPRRARGCRTLGLPALLLLLLLRPPATRGITCPPPMSVEHADIWVKSYSLYSRERYICNSGFKRKAGTSSLTECVLNKATNVAHWTT sushi PSLKCIRDPALVHQRPAPPGGGSGGGGSGGGSGGGGSLQNWVNVISDLKKIEDLIQSMHIDATLYTESDVHPSCKVTAMKCFLLELQV (amino ISLESGDASIHDTVENLIILANNSLSSNGNVTESGCKECKELEEKNIKEFLQSFVHIVQMFINTS acid) 25 Human IL-15 ATGGCCCCGCGGCGGGCGCGCGGCTGCCGGACCCTCGGTCTCCCGGCGCTGCTACTGCTGCTGCTGCTCCGGCCGCCGGCGACGCGGG sushi GCATCACGTGCCCTCCCCCCATGTCCGTGGAACACGCAGACATCTGGGTCAAGAGCTACAGCTTGTACTCCAGGGAGCGGTACATTTG (CDS DNA) TAACTCTGGTTTCAAGCGTAAAGCCGGCACGTCCAGCCTGACGGAGTGCGTGTTGAACAAGGCCACGAATGTCGCCCACTGGACAACC Sequence CCCAGTCTCAAATGCATTAGAGACCCTGCCCTGGTTCACCAAAGGCCAGCGCCACCCGGGGGAGGATCTGGCGGCGGTGGGTCTGGCG annotations GGGGATCTGGCGGAGGAGGAAGCTTACAGAACTGGGTGAATGTAATAAGTGATTTGAAAAAAATTGAAGATCTTATTCAATCTATGCA CAPS: IL-15 TATTGATGCTACTTTATATACGGAAAGTGATGTTCACCCCAGTTGCAAAGTAACAGCAATGAAGTGCTTTCTCTTGGAGTTACAAGTT sushi; ATTTCACTTGAGTCCGGAGATGCAAGTATTCATGATACAGTAGAAAATCTGATCATCCTAGCAAACAACAGTTTGTCTTCTAATGGGA CAPS: ATGTAACAGAATCTGGATGCAAAGAATGTGAGGAACTGGAGGAAAAAAATATTAAAGAATTTTTGCAGAGTTTTGTACATATTGTCCA linker; AATGTTCATCAACACTTCTTGATGA CAPS: mature IL-15 26 Human IL-15 AUGGCCCCGCGGCGGGCGCGCGGCUGCCGGACCCUCGGUCUCCCGGCGCUGCUACUGCUGCUGCUGCUCCGGCCGCCGGCGACGCGGG sushi (RNA GCAUCACGUGCCCUCCCCCCAUGUCCGUGGAACACGCAGACAUCUGGGUCAAGAGCUACAGCUUGUACUCCAGGGAGCGGUACAUUUG encoding UAACUCUGGUUUCAAGCGUAAAGCCGGCACGUCCAGCCUGACGGAGUGCGUGUUGAACAAGGCCACGAAUGUCGCCCACUGGACAACC CDS) CCCAGUCUCAAAUGCAUUAGAGACCCUGCCCUGGUUCACCAAAGGCCAGCGCCACCCGGGGGAGGAUCUGGCGGCGGUGGGUCUGGCG GGGGAUCUGGCGGAGGAGGAAGCUUACAGAACUGGGUGAAUGUAAUAAGUGAUUUGAAAAAAAUUGAAGAUCUUAUUCAAUCUAUGCA UAUUGAUGCUACUUUAUAUACGGAAAGUGAUGUUCACCCCAGUUGCAAAGUAACAGCAAUGAAGUGCUUUCUCUUGGAGUUACAAGUU AUUUCACUUGAGUCCGGAGAUGCAAGUAUUCAUGAUACAGUAGAAAAUCUGAUCAUCCUAGCAAACAACAGUUUGUCUUCUAAUGGGA AUGUAACAGAAUCUGGAUGCAAAGAAUGUGAGGAACUGGAGGAAAAAAAUAUUAAAGAAUUUUUGCAGAGUUUUGUACAUAUUGUCCA AAUGUUCAUCAACACUUCUUGAUGA GM-CSF 27 Human GM- MWLQSLLLLGTVACSISAPARSPSPSTQPWEHVNAIQEARRLLNLSRDTAAEMNETVEVISEMFDLQEPTCLQTRLELYKQGLRGSLT CSF (amino KLKGPLTMMASHYKQHCPPTPETSCATQIITFESFKENLKDFLLVIPFDCWEPVQE acid) 28 Human GM- ATGTGGCTCCAGAGCCTGCTGCTCTTGGGCACTGTGGCCTGCTCCATCTCTGCACCCGCCCGCTCGCCCAGCCCCAGCACGCAGCCCT CSF GGGAGCATGTGAATGCCATCCAGGAGGCCCGGCGTCTGCTGAACCTGAGTAGAGACACTGCTGCTGAGATGAATGAAACAGTAGAAGT (CDS DNA) CATCTCAGAAATGTTTGACCTCCAGGAGCCGACCTGCCTACAGACCCGCCTGGAGCTGTACAAGCAGGGCCTGCGGGGCAGCCTCACC AAGCTCAAGGGCCCCTTGACCATGATGGCCAGCCACTACAAGCAGCACTGCCCTCCAACCCCGGAAACTTCCTGTGCAACCCAGATTA TCACCTTTGAAAGTTTCAAAGAGAACCTGAAGGACTTTCTGCTTGTCATCCCCTTTGACTGCTGGGAGCCAGTCCAGGAGTGATGA 29 Human GM- AUGUGGCUCCAGAGCCUGCUGCUCUUGGGCACUGUGGCCUGCUCCAUCUCUGCACCCGCCCGCUCGCCCAGCCCCAGCACGCAGCCCU CSF (RNA GGGAGCAUGUGAAUGCCAUCCAGGAGGCCCGGCGUCUGCUGAACCUGAGUAGAGACACUGCUGCUGAGAUGAAUGAAACAGUAGAAGU encoding CAUCUCAGAAAUGUUUGACCUCCAGGAGCCGACCUGCCUACAGACCCGCCUGGAGCUGUACAAGCAGGGCCUGCGGGGCAGCCUCACC CDS) AAGCUCAAGGGCCCCUUGACCAUGAUGGCCAGCCACUACAAGCAGCACUGCCCUCCAACCCCGGAAACUUCCUGUGCAACCCAGAUUA UCACCUUUGAAAGUUUCAAAGAGAACCUGAAGGACUUUCUGCUUGUCAUCCCCUUUGACUGCUGGGAGCCAGUCCAGGAGUGAUGA

TABLE 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES (mouse sequences and other sequences of the invention) SEQ ID NO: Description SEQUENCE IL-2 mouse 30 ModA IL-2 MRVTAPRTLILLLSGALALTETWAGSGSAPTSSSTKKTQLQLEHLLLDLQMILNGINNYKNPKLTRMLTFKFYMPKKATELKHLQCLE (amino EELKPLEEVLNLAQSKNFHLRPRDLISNINVIVLELKGSETTFMCEYADETATIVEFLNRWITFCQSIISTLT acid, human IL-2 in combination with a mouse optimized secretion sequence) 31 ModA IL-2 GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCATGAGAGTGACCGCCCCCAGAACCCTGATCCTGCTG (DNA: CTGTCTGGCGCCCTGGCCCTGACAGAGACATGGGCCGGAAGCGGATCCGCACCTACTTCAAGTTCTACAAAGAAAACACAGCTACAAC 5′UTR- TGGAGCATTTACTTCTGGATTTACAGATGATTTTGAATGGAATTAATAATTACAAGAATCCCAAACTCACCAGGATGCTCACATTTAA CDS-3′UTR) GTTTTACATGCCCAAGAAGGCCACAGAACTGAAACATCTTCAGTGTCTAGAAGAAGAACTCAAACCTCTGGAGGAAGTGCTAAATTTA GCTCAAAGCAAAAACTTTCACTTAAGACCCAGGGACTTAATCAGCAATATCAACGTAATAGTTCTGGAACTAAAGGGATCTGAAACAA CATTCATGTGTGAATATGCTGATGAGACAGCAACCATTGTAGAATTTCTGAACAGATGGATTACCTTTTGTCAAAGCATCATCTCAAC ACTGACTTGACTCGAGAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGG ATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGCTGCGTCGAGAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGT CCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGC CTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGCTGCGTCGAGACCTGGTCCAGAGTCGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAG CATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 32 ModA IL-2 GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCAUGAGAGUGACCGCCCCCAGAACCCUGAUCCUGCUG (RNA) CUGUCUGGCGCCCUGGCCCUGACAGAGACAUGGGCCGGAAGCGGAUCCGCACCUACUUCAAGUUCUACAAAGAAAACACAGCUACAAC UGGAGCAUUUACUUCUGGAUUUACAGAUGAUUUUGAAUGGAAUUAAUAAUUACAAGAAUCCCAAACUCACCAGGAUGCUCACAUUUAA GUUUUACAUGCCCAAGAAGGCCACAGAACUGAAACAUCUUCAGUGUCUAGAAGAAGAACUCAAACCUCUGGAGGAAGUGCUAAAUUUA GCUCAAAGCAAAAACUUUCACUUAAGACCCAGGGACUUAAUCAGCAAUAUCAACGUAAUAGUUCUGGAACUAAAGGGAUCUGAAACAA CAUUCAUGUGUGAAUAUGCUGAUGAGACAGCAACCAUUGUAGAAUUUCUGAACAGAUGGAUUACCUUUUGUCAAAGCAUCAUCUCAAC ACUGACUUGACUCGAGAGCUCGCUUUCUUGCUGUCCAAUUUCUAUUAAAGGUUCCUUUGUUCCCUAAGUCCAACUACUAAACUGGGGG AUAUUAUGAAGGGCCUUGAGCAUCUGGAUUCUGCCUAAUAAAAAACAUUUAUUUUCAUUGCUGCGUCGAGAGCUCGCUUUCUUGCUGU CCAAUUUCUAUUAAAGGUUCCUUUGUUCCCUAAGUCCAACUACUAAACUGGGGGAUAUUAUGAAGGGCCUUGAGCAUCUGGAUUCUGC CUAAUAAAAAACAUUUAUUUUCAUUGCUGCGUCGAGACCUGGUCCAGAGUCGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAG CAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 33 ModB IL-2 MGAMAPRTLLLLLAAALAPTQTRAGPGSAPTSSSTKKTQLQLEHLLLDLQMILNGINNYKNPKLTRMLTFKFYMPKKATELKHLQCLE (amino EELKPLEEVLNLAQSKNFHLRPRDLISNINVIVLELKGSETTFMCEYADETATIVEFLNRWITFCQSIISTLT acid) 34 ModB IL-2 GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA (DNA: TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCCATGGGCGCCATGGCCCCTAGAACATTGCTCC 5′UTR- TGCTGCTGGCCGCTGCCCTGGCCCCTACACAGACAAGAGCTGGACCTGGATCCGCACCTACTTCAAGTTCTACAAAGAAAACACAGCT CDS-3′UTR) ACAACTGGAGCATTTACTTCTGGATTTACAGATGATTTTGAATGGAATTAATAATTACAAGAATCCCAAACTCACCAGGATGCTCACA TTTAAGTTTTACATGCCCAAGAAGGCCACAGAACTGAAACATCTTCAGTGTCTAGAAGAAGAACTCAAACCTCTGGAGGAAGTGCTAA ATTTAGCTCAAAGCAAAAACTTTCACTTAAGACCCAGGGACTTAATCAGCAATATCAACGTAATAGTTCTGGAACTAAAGGGATCTGA AACAACATTCATGTGTGAATATGCTGATGAGACAGCAACCATTGTAGAATTTCTGAACAGATGGATTACCTTTTGTCAAAGCATCATC TCAACACTGACTTGACTCGACGTCCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCC GACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATG CAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATA CTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGAC TAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 35 ModB IL-2 GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA (RNA) UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCCAUGGGCGCCAUGGCCCCUAGAACAUUGCUCC UGCUGCUGGCCGCUGCCCUGGCCCCUACACAGACAAGAGCUGGACCUGGAUCCGCACCUACUUCAAGUUCUACAAAGAAAACACAGCU ACAACUGGAGCAUUUACUUCUGGAUUUACAGAUGAUUUUGAAUGGAAUUAAUAAUUACAAGAAUCCCAAACUCACCAGGAUGCUCACA UUUAAGUUUUACAUGCCCAAGAAGGCCACAGAACUGAAACAUCUUCAGUGUCUAGAAGAAGAACUCAAACCUCUGGAGGAAGUGCUAA AUUUAGCUCAAAGCAAAAACUUUCACUUAAGACCCAGGGACUUAAUCAGCAAUAUCAACGUAAUAGUUCUGGAACUAAAGGGAUCUGA AACAACAUUCAUGUGUGAAUAUGCUGAUGAGACAGCAACCAUUGUAGAAUUUCUGAACAGAUGGAUUACCUUUUGUCAAAGCAUCAUC UCAACACUGACUUGACUCGACGUCCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCC GACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUG CAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUA CUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGAC UAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA IL-12 mouse 36 ModA murine MRVTAPRTLILLLSGALALTETWAGSGSMWELEKDVYVVEVDWTPDAPGETVNLTCDTPEEDDITWTSDQRHGVIGSGKTLTITVKEF IL-12 LDAGQYTCHKGGETLSHSHLLLHKKENGIWSTEILKNFKNKTFLKCEAPNYSGRFTCSWLVQRNMDLKFNIKSSSSSPDSRAVTCGMA (amino SLSAEKVTLDQRDYEKYSVSCQEDVTCPTAEETLPIELALEARQQNKYENYSTSFFIRDIIKPDPPKNLQMKPLKNSQVEVSWEYPDS acid) WSTPHSYFSLKFFVRIQRKKEKMKETEEGCNQKGAFLVEKTSTEVQCKGGNVCVQAQDRYYNSSCSKWACVPCRVRSVPGVGVPGVGR VIPVSGPARCLSQSRNLLKTTDDMVKTAREKLKHYSCTAEDIDHEDITRDQTSTLKTCLPLELHKNESCLATRETSSTTRGSCLPPQK TSLMMTLCLGSIYEDLKMYQTEFQAINAALQNHNHQQIILDKGMLVAIDELMQSLNHNGETLRQKPPVGEADPYRVKMKLCILLHAFS TRVVTINRVMGYLSSA 37 ModA murine GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCATGAGAGTGACCGCCCCCAGAACCCTGATCCTGCTG IL-12 CTGTCTGGCGCCCTGGCCCTGACAGAGACATGGGCCGGAAGCGGATCCATGTGGGAGCTGGAGAAAGACGTTTATGTTGTAGAGGTGG (DNA: ACTGGACTCCCGATGCCCCTGGAGAAACAGTGAACCTCACCTGTGACACGCCTGAAGAAGATGACATCACCTGGACCTCAGACCAGAG 5′UTR- ACATGGAGTCATAGGCTCTGGAAAGACCCTGACCATCACTGTCAAAGAGTTTCTAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAAGGAGGC CDS-3′UTR) GAGACTCTGAGCCACTCACATCTGCTGCTCCACAAGAAGGAAAATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGAAATTTTAAAAAATTTCAAAAACAAGA CTTTCCTGAAGTGTGAAGCACCAAATTACTCCGGACGGTTCACGTGCTCATGGCTGGTGCAAAGAAACATGGACTTGAAGTTCAACAT CAAGAGCAGTAGCAGTTCCCCTGACTCTCGGGCAGTGACATGTGGAATGGCGTCTCTGTCTGCAGAGAAGGTCACACTGGACCAAAGG GACTATGAGAAGTATTCAGTGTCCTGCCAGGAGGATGTCACCTGCCCAACTGCCGAGGAGACCCTGCCCATTGAACTGGCGTTGGAAG CACGGCAGCAGAATAAATATGAGAACTACAGCACCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCAGACCCGCCCAAGAACTTGCAGAT GAAGCCTTTGAAGAACTCACAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACTCCTGGAGCACTCCCCATTCCTACTTCTCCCTCAAGTTC TTTGTTCGAATCCAGCGCAAGAAAGAAAAGATGAAGGAGACAGAGGAGGGGTGTAACCAGAAAGGTGCGTTCCTCGTAGAGAAGACAT CTACCGAAGTCCAATGCAAAGGCGGGAATGTCTGCGTGCAAGCTCAGGATCGCTATTACAATTCCTCATGCAGCAAGTGGGCATGTGT TCCCTGCAGAGTCCGATCGGTTCCTGGAGTAGGGGTACCTGGAGTGGGCAGGGTCATACCGGTCTCTGGACCTGCCAGGTGTCTTAGC CAGTCCCGAAACCTGCTGAAGACCACAGATGACATGGTGAAGACGGCCAGAGAAAAGCTGAAACATTATTCCTGCACTGCTGAAGACA TCGATCATGAAGACATCACACGGGACCAAACCAGCACATTGAAGACCTGTTTACCACTGGAACTACACAAGAACGAGAGTTGCCTGGC TACTAGAGAGACTTCTTCCACAACAAGAGGGAGCTGCCTGCCCCCACAGAAGACGTCTTTGATGATGACCCTGTGCCTTGGTAGCATC TATGAGGACTTGAAGATGTACCAGACAGAGTTCCAGGCCATCAACGCAGCACTTCAGAATCACAACCATCAGCAGATCATTCTAGACA AGGGCATGCTGGTGGCCATCGATGAGCTGATGCAGTCTCTGAATCATAATGGCGAGACTCTGCGCCAGAAACCTCCTGTGGGAGAAGC AGACCCTTACAGAGTGAAAATGAAGCTCTGCATCCTGCTTCACGCCTTCAGCACCCGCGTCGTGACCATCAACAGGGTGATGGGCTAT CTGTCCAGCGCCTAATAGCTCGAGAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAA ACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGCTGCGTCGAGAGCTCGCTTT CTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTG GATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGCTGCGTCGAGACCTGGTCCAGAGTCGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 38 ModA murine GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCAUGAGAGUGACCGCCCCCAGAACCCUGAUCCUGCUG IL-12 (RNA) CUGUCUGGCGCCCUGGCCCUGACAGAGACAUGGGCCGGAAGCGGAUCCAUGUGGGAGCUGGAGAAAGACGUUUAUGUUGUAGAGGUGG ACUGGACUCCCGAUGCCCCUGGAGAAACAGUGAACCUCACCUGUGACACGCCUGAAGAAGAUGACAUCACCUGGACCUCAGACCAGAG ACAUGGAGUCAUAGGCUCUGGAAAGACCCUGACCAUCACUGUCAAAGAGUUUCUAGAUGCUGGCCAGUACACCUGCCACAAAGGAGGC GAGACUCUGAGCCACUCACAUCUGCUGCUCCACAAGAAGGAAAAUGGAAUUUGGUCCACUGAAAUUUUAAAAAAUUUCAAAAACAAGA CUUUCCUGAAGUGUGAAGCACCAAAUUACUCCGGACGGUUCACGUGCUCAUGGCUGGUGCAAAGAAACAUGGACUUGAAGUUCAACAU CAAGAGCAGUAGCAGUUCCCCUGACUCUCGGGCAGUGACAUGUGGAAUGGCGUCUCUGUCUGCAGAGAAGGUCACACUGGACCAAAGG GACUAUGAGAAGUAUUCAGUGUCCUGCCAGGAGGAUGUCACCUGCCCAACUGCCGAGGAGACCCUGCCCAUUGAACUGGCGUUGGAAG CACGGCAGCAGAAUAAAUAUGAGAACUACAGCACCAGCUUCUUCAUCAGGGACAUCAUCAAACCAGACCCGCCCAAGAACUUGCAGAU GAAGCCUUUGAAGAACUCACAGGUGGAGGUCAGCUGGGAGUACCCUGACUCCUGGAGCACUCCCCAUUCCUACUUCUCCCUCAAGUUC UUUGUUCGAAUCCAGCGCAAGAAAGAAAAGAUGAAGGAGACAGAGGAGGGGUGUAACCAGAAAGGUGCGUUCCUCGUAGAGAAGACAU CUACCGAAGUCCAAUGCAAAGGCGGGAAUGUCUGCGUGCAAGCUCAGGAUCGCUAUUACAAUUCCUCAUGCAGCAAGUGGGCAUGUGU UCCCUGCAGAGUCCGAUCGGUUCCUGGAGUAGGGGUACCUGGAGUGGGCAGGGUCAUACCGGUCUCUGGACCUGCCAGGUGUCUUAGC CAGUCCCGAAACCUGCUGAAGACCACAGAUGACAUGGUGAAGACGGCCAGAGAAAAGCUGAAACAUUAUUCCUGCACUGCUGAAGACA UCGAUCAUGAAGACAUCACACGGGACCAAACCAGCACAUUGAAGACCUGUUUACCACUGGAACUACACAAGAACGAGAGUUGCCUGGC UACUAGAGAGACUUCUUCCACAACAAGAGGGAGCUGCCUGCCCCCACAGAAGACGUCUUUGAUGAUGACCCUGUGCCUUGGUAGCAUC UAUGAGGACUUGAAGAUGUACCAGACAGAGUUCCAGGCCAUCAACGCAGCACUUCAGAAUCACAACCAUCAGCAGAUCAUUCUAGACA AGGGCAUGCUGGUGGCCAUCGAUGAGCUGAUGCAGUCUCUGAAUCAUAAUGGCGAGACUCUGCGCCAGAAACCUCCUGUGGGAGAAGC AGACCCUUACAGAGUGAAAAUGAAGCUCUGCAUCCUGCUUCACGCCUUCAGCACCCGCGUCGUGACCAUCAACAGGGUGAUGGGCUAU CUGUCCAGCGCCUAAUAGCUCGAGAGCUCGCUUUCUUGCUGUCCAAUUUCUAUUAAAGGUUCCUUUGUUCCCUAAGUCCAACUACUAA ACUGGGGGAUAUUAUGAAGGGCCUUGAGCAUCUGGAUUCUGCCUAAUAAAAAACAUUUAUUUUCAUUGCUGCGUCGAGAGCUCGCUUU CUUGCUGUCCAAUUUCUAUUAAAGGUUCCUUUGUUCCCUAAGUCCAACUACUAAACUGGGGGAUAUUAUGAAGGGCCUUGAGCAUCUG GAUUCUGCCUAAUAAAAAACAUUUAUUUUCAUUGCUGCGUCGAGACCUGGUCCAGAGUCGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 39 ModB murine MGAMAPRTLLLLLAAALAPTQTRAGPGSMWELEKDVYVVEVDWTPDAPGETVNLTCDTPEEDDITWTSDQRHGVIGSGKTLTITVKEF IL-12 LDAGQYTCHKGGETLSHSHLLLHKKENGIWSTEILKNEKNKTFLKCEAPNYSGRFTCSWLVQRNMDLKFNIKSSSSSPDSRAVTCGMA (amino SLSAEKVTLDQRDYEKYSVSCQEDVTCPTAEETLPIELALEARQQNKYENYSTSFFIRDIIKPDPPKNLQMKPLKNSQVEVSWEYPDS acid) WSTPHSYFSLKFFVRIQRKKEKMKETEEGCNQKGAFLVEKTSTEVQCKGGNVCVQAQDRYYNSSCSKWACVPCRVRSVPGVGVPGVGR VIPVSGPARCLSQSRNLLKTTDDMVKTAREKLKHYSCTAEDIDHEDITRDQTSTLKTCLPLELHKNESCLATRETSSTTRGSCLPPQK TSLMMTLCLGSIYEDLKMYQTEFQAINAALQNHNHQQIILDKGMLVAIDELMQSLNHNGETLRQKPPVGEADPYRVKMKLCILLHAFS TRVVTINRVMGYLSSA 40 ModB murine GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA IL-12 TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCCATGGGCGCCATGGCCCCTAGAACATTGCTCC (DNA: TGCTGCTGGCCGCTGCCCTGGCCCCTACACAGACAAGAGCTGGACCTGGATCCATGTGGGAGCTGGAGAAAGACGTTTATGTTGTAGA 5′UTR- GGTGGACTGGACTCCCGATGCCCCTGGAGAAACAGTGAACCTCACCTGTGACACGCCTGAAGAAGATGACATCACCTGGACCTCAGAC CDS-3′UTR) CAGAGACATGGAGTCATAGGCTCTGGAAAGACCCTGACCATCACTGTCAAAGAGTTTCTAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAAG GAGGCGAGACTCTGAGCCACTCACATCTGCTGCTCCACAAGAAGGAAAATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGAAATTTTAAAAAATTTCAAAAA CAAGACTTTCCTGAAGTGTGAAGCACCAAATTACTCCGGACGGTTCACGTGCTCATGGCTGGTGCAAAGAAACATGGACTTGAAGTTC AACATCAAGAGCAGTAGCAGTTCCCCTGACTCTCGGGCAGTGACATGTGGAATGGCGTCTCTGTCTGCAGAGAAGGTCACACTGGACC AAAGGGACTATGAGAAGTATTCAGTGTCCTGCCAGGAGGATGTCACCTGCCCAACTGCCGAGGAGACCCTGCCCATTGAACTGGCGTT GGAAGCACGGCAGCAGAATAAATATGAGAACTACAGCACCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCAGACCCGCCCAAGAACTTG CAGATGAAGCCTTTGAAGAACTCACAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACTCCTGGAGCACTCCCCATTCCTACTTCTCCCTCA AGTTCTTTGTTCGAATCCAGCGCAAGAAAGAAAAGATGAAGGAGACAGAGGAGGGGTGTAACCAGAAAGGTGCGTTCCTCGTAGAGAA GACATCTACCGAAGTCCAATGCAAAGGCGGGAATGTCTGCGTGCAAGCTCAGGATCGCTATTACAATTCCTCATGCAGCAAGTGGGCA TGTGTTCCCTGCAGAGTCCGATCGGTTCCTGGAGTAGGGGTACCTGGAGTGGGCAGGGTCATACCGGTCTCTGGACCTGCCAGGTGTC TTAGCCAGTCCCGAAACCTGCTGAAGACCACAGATGACATGGTGAAGACGGCCAGAGAAAAGCTGAAACATTATTCCTGCACTGCTGA AGACATCGATCATGAAGACATCACACGGGACCAAACCAGCACATTGAAGACCTGTTTACCACTGGAACTACACAAGAACGAGAGTTGC CTGGCTACTAGAGAGACTTCTTCCACAACAAGAGGGAGCTGCCTGCCCCCACAGAAGACGTCTTTGATGATGACCCTGTGCCTTGGTA GCATCTATGAGGACTTGAAGATGTACCAGACAGAGTTCCAGGCCATCAACGCAGCACTTCAGAATCACAACCATCAGCAGATCATTCT AGACAAGGGCATGCTGGTGGCCATCGATGAGCTGATGCAGTCTCTGAATCATAATGGCGAGACTCTGCGCCAGAAACCTCCTGTGGGA GAAGCAGACCCTTACAGAGTGAAAATGAAGCTCTGCATCCTGCTTCACGCCTTCAGCACCCGCGTCGTGACCATCAACAGGGTGATGG GCTATCTGTCCAGCGCCTAATAGCTCGACGTCCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAG TCTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACG CAGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACT AAGCTATACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAG CATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 41 ModB murine GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA IL-12 (RNA) UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCCAUGGGCGCCAUGGCCCCUAGAACAUUGCUCC UGCUGCUGGCCGCUGCCCUGGCCCCUACACAGACAAGAGCUGGACCUGGAUCCAUGUGGGAGCUGGAGAAAGACGUUUAUGUUGUAGA GGUGGACUGGACUCCCGAUGCCCCUGGAGAAACAGUGAACCUCACCUGUGACACGCCUGAAGAAGAUGACAUCACCUGGACCUCAGAC CAGAGACAUGGAGUCAUAGGCUCUGGAAAGACCCUGACCAUCACUGUCAAAGAGUUUCUAGAUGCUGGCCAGUACACCUGCCACAAAG GAGGCGAGACUCUGAGCCACUCACAUCUGCUGCUCCACAAGAAGGAAAAUGGAAUUUGGUCCACUGAAAUUUUAAAAAAUUUCAAAAA CAAGACUUUCCUGAAGUGUGAAGCACCAAAUUACUCCGGACGGUUCACGUGCUCAUGGCUGGUGCAAAGAAACAUGGACUUGAAGUUC AACAUCAAGAGCAGUAGCAGUUCCCCUGACUCUCGGGCAGUGACAUGUGGAAUGGCGUCUCUGUCUGCAGAGAAGGUCACACUGGACC AAAGGGACUAUGAGAAGUAUUCAGUGUCCUGCCAGGAGGAUGUCACCUGCCCAACUGCCGAGGAGACCCUGCCCAUUGAACUGGCGUU GGAAGCACGGCAGCAGAAUAAAUAUGAGAACUACAGCACCAGCUUCUUCAUCAGGGACAUCAUCAAACCAGACCCGCCCAAGAACUUG CAGAUGAAGCCUUUGAAGAACUCACAGGUGGAGGUCAGCUGGGAGUACCCUGACUCCUGGAGCACUCCCCAUUCCUACUUCUCCCUCA AGUUCUUUGUUCGAAUCCAGCGCAAGAAAGAAAAGAUGAAGGAGACAGAGGAGGGGUGUAACCAGAAAGGUGCGUUCCUCGUAGAGAA GACAUCUACCGAAGUCCAAUGCAAAGGCGGGAAUGUCUGCGUGCAAGCUCAGGAUCGCUAUUACAAUUCCUCAUGCAGCAAGUGGGCA UGUGUUCCCUGCAGAGUCCGAUCGGUUCCUGGAGUAGGGGUACCUGGAGUGGGCAGGGUCAUACCGGUCUCUGGACCUGCCAGGUGUC UUAGCCAGUCCCGAAACCUGCUGAAGACCACAGAUGACAUGGUGAAGACGGCCAGAGAAAAGCUGAAACAUUAUUCCUGCACUGCUGA AGACAUCGAUCAUGAAGACAUCACACGGGACCAAACCAGCACAUUGAAGACCUGUUUACCACUGGAACUACACAAGAACGAGAGUUGC CUGGCUACUAGAGAGACUUCUUCCACAACAAGAGGGAGCUGCCUGCCCCCACAGAAGACGUCUUUGAUGAUGACCCUGUGCCUUGGUA GCAUCUAUGAGGACUUGAAGAUGUACCAGACAGAGUUCCAGGCCAUCAACGCAGCACUUCAGAAUCACAACCAUCAGCAGAUCAUUCU AGACAAGGGCAUGCUGGUGGCCAUCGAUGAGCUGAUGCAGUCUCUGAAUCAUAAUGGCGAGACUCUGCGCCAGAAACCUCCUGUGGGA GAAGCAGACCCUUACAGAGUGAAAAUGAAGCUCUGCAUCCUGCUUCACGCCUUCAGCACCCGCGUCGUGACCAUCAACAGGGUGAUGG GCUAUCUGUCCAGCGCCUAAUAGCUCGACGUCCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAG UCUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACG CAGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACU AAGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAG CAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA IFNα (IFNα4) mouse 42 ModA murine MRVTAPRTLILLLSGALALTETWAGSGSCDLPHTYNLGNKRALTVLEEMRRLPPLSCLKDRKDFGFPLEKVDNQQIQKAQAILVLRDL IFNα4 TQQILNLFTSKDLSATWNATLLDSFCNDLHQQLNDLKACVMQEPPLTQEDSLLAVRTYFHRITVYLRKKKHSLCAWEVIRAEVWRALS (amino SSTNLLARLSEEKE acid) 43 ModA murine GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCATGAGAGTGACCGCCCCCAGAACCCTGATCCTGCTG IFNα4 CTGTCTGGCGCCCTGGCCCTGACAGAGACATGGGCCGGAAGCGGATCCTGTGACCTGCCTCACACTTATAACCTCGGGAACAAGAGGG (DNA: CCTTGACAGTCCTGGAAGAAATGAGAAGACTCCCCCCTCTTTCCTGCCTGAAGGACAGGAAGGATTTTGGATTCCCCTTGGAGAAGGT 5′UTR- GGATAACCAACAGATCCAGAAGGCTCAAGCCATCCTTGTGCTAAGAGATCTTACCCAGCAGATTTTGAACCTCTTCACATCAAAAGAC CDS-3′UTR) TTGTCTGCTACTTGGAATGCAACTCTCCTAGACTCATTCTGCAATGACCTCCATCAGCAGCTCAATGATCTCAAAGCCTGTGTGATGC AGGAACCTCCTCTGACCCAGGAAGACTCCCTGCTGGCTGTGAGGACATACTTCCACAGGATCACTGTGTACCTGAGAAAGAAGAAACA CAGCCTCTGTGCCTGGGAGGTGATCAGAGCAGAAGTCTGGAGAGCCCTCTCTTCCTCAACCAACTTGCTGGCAAGACTGAGTGAGGAG AAGGAGTGATAACTCGAGAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGG GGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGCTGCGTCGAGAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCT GTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCT GCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGCTGCGTCGAGACCTGGTCCAGAGTCGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 44 ModA murine GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCAUGAGAGUGACCGCCCCCAGAACCCUGAUCCUGCUG IFNα4 (RNA) CUGUCUGGCGCCCUGGCCCUGACAGAGACAUGGGCCGGAAGCGGAUCCUGUGACCUGCCUCACACUUAUAACCUCGGGAACAAGAGGG CCUUGACAGUCCUGGAAGAAAUGAGAAGACUCCCCCCUCUUUCCUGCCUGAAGGACAGGAAGGAUUUUGGAUUCCCCUUGGAGAAGGU GGAUAACCAACAGAUCCAGAAGGCUCAAGCCAUCCUUGUGCUAAGAGAUCUUACCCAGCAGAUUUUGAACCUCUUCACAUCAAAAGAC UUGUCUGCUACUUGGAAUGCAACUCUCCUAGACUCAUUCUGCAAUGACCUCCAUCAGCAGCUCAAUGAUCUCAAAGCCUGUGUGAUGC AGGAACCUCCUCUGACCCAGGAAGACUCCCUGCUGGCUGUGAGGACAUACUUCCACAGGAUCACUGUGUACCUGAGAAAGAAGAAACA CAGCCUCUGUGCCUGGGAGGUGAUCAGAGCAGAAGUCUGGAGAGCCCUCUCUUCCUCAACCAACUUGCUGGCAAGACUGAGUGAGGAG AAGGAGUGAUAACUCGAGAGCUCGCUUUCUUGCUGUCCAAUUUCUAUUAAAGGUUCCUUUGUUCCCUAAGUCCAACUACUAAACUGGG GGAUAUUAUGAAGGGCCUUGAGCAUCUGGAUUCUGCCUAAUAAAAAACAUUUAUUUUCAUUGCUGCGUCGAGAGCUCGCUUUCUUGCU GUCCAAUUUCUAUUAAAGGUUCCUUUGUUCCCUAAGUCCAACUACUAAACUGGGGGAUAUUAUGAAGGGCCUUGAGCAUCUGGAUUCU GCCUAAUAAAAAACAUUUAUUUUCAUUGCUGCGUCGAGACCUGGUCCAGAGUCGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 45 ModB murine MGAMAPRTLLLLLAAALAPTQTRAGPGSCDLPHTYNLGNKRALTVLEEMRRLPPLSCLKDRKDFGFPLEKVDNQQIQKAQAILVLRDL IFNα4 TQQILNLFTSKDLSATWNATLLDSFCNDLHQQLNDLKACVMQEPPLTQEDSLLAVRTYFHRITVYLRKKKHSLCAWEVIRAEVWRALS (amino SSTNLLARLSEEKE acid) 46 ModB murine GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA IFNα4 TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCCATGGGCGCCATGGCCCCTAGAACATTGCTCC (DNA: TGCTGCTGGCCGCTGCCCTGGCCCCTACACAGACAAGAGCTGGACCTGGATCCTGTGACCTGCCTCACACTTATAACCTCGGGAACAA 5′UTR- GAGGGCCTTGACAGTCCTGGAAGAAATGAGAAGACTCCCCCCTCTTTCCTGCCTGAAGGACAGGAAGGATTTTGGATTCCCCTTGGAG CDS-3′UTR) AAGGTGGATAACCAACAGATCCAGAAGGCTCAAGCCATCCTTGTGCTAAGAGATCTTACCCAGCAGATTTTGAACCTCTTCACATCAA AAGACTTGTCTGCTACTTGGAATGCAACTCTCCTAGACTCATTCTGCAATGACCTCCATCAGCAGCTCAATGATCTCAAAGCCTGTGT GATGCAGGAACCTCCTCTGACCCAGGAAGACTCCCTGCTGGCTGTGAGGACATACTTCCACAGGATCACTGTGTACCTGAGAAAGAAG AAACACAGCCTCTGTGCCTGGGAGGTGATCAGAGCAGAAGTCTGGAGAGCCCTCTCTTCCTCAACCAACTTGCTGGCAAGACTGAGTG AGGAGAAGGAGTGATAACTCGACGTCCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCC CCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAA TGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTA TACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATG ACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 47 ModB murine GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA IFNα4 (RNA) UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCCAUGGGCGCCAUGGCCCCUAGAACAUUGCUCC UGCUGCUGGCCGCUGCCCUGGCCCCUACACAGACAAGAGCUGGACCUGGAUCCUGUGACCUGCCUCACACUUAUAACCUCGGGAACAA GAGGGCCUUGACAGUCCUGGAAGAAAUGAGAAGACUCCCCCCUCUUUCCUGCCUGAAGGACAGGAAGGAUUUUGGAUUCCCCUUGGAG AAGGUGGAUAACCAACAGAUCCAGAAGGCUCAAGCCAUCCUUGUGCUAAGAGAUCUUACCCAGCAGAUUUUGAACCUCUUCACAUCAA AAGACUUGUCUGCUACUUGGAAUGCAACUCUCCUAGACUCAUUCUGCAAUGACCUCCAUCAGCAGCUCAAUGAUCUCAAAGCCUGUGU GAUGCAGGAACCUCCUCUGACCCAGGAAGACUCCCUGCUGGCUGUGAGGACAUACUUCCACAGGAUCACUGUGUACCUGAGAAAGAAG AAACACAGCCUCUGUGCCUGGGAGGUGAUCAGAGCAGAAGUCUGGAGAGCCCUCUCUUCCUCAACCAACUUGCUGGCAAGACUGAGUG AGGAGAAGGAGUGAUAACUCGACGUCCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCC CCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAA UGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUA UACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUG ACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA IL-15 sushi mouse 48 ModA murine MGAMAPRTLLLLLAAALAPTQTRAGPGSTTCPPPVSIEHADIRVKNYSVNSRERYVCNSGFKRKAGTSTLIECVINKNTNVAHWTTPS IL-15 sushi LKCIRDPSLAGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGNWIDVRYDLEKIESLIQSIHIDTTLYTDSDFHPSCKVTAMNCFLLELQVILHEYSNMT (amino LNETVRNVLYLANSTLSSNKNVAESGCKECEELEEKTFTEFLQSFIRIVQMFINTS acid) 49 ModA murine GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCATGGGCGCCATGGCCCCTAGAACATTGCTCCTGCTG IL-15 sushi CTGGCCGCTGCCCTGGCCCCTACACAGACAAGAGCTGGACCTGGATCCACCACGTGTCCACCTCCCGTATCTATTGAGCATGCTGACA (DNA: TCCGGGTCAAGAATTACAGTGTGAACTCCAGGGAGAGGTATGTCTGTAACTCTGGCTTTAAGCGGAAAGCTGGAACATCCACCCTGAT 5′UTR- TGAGTGTGTGATCAACAAGAACACAAATGTTGCCCACTGGACAACTCCCAGCCTCAAGTGCATCAGAGACCCCTCCCTAGCTGGAGGG CDS-3′UTR) AGCGGAGGCTCTGGCGGAAGCGGCGGGTCTGGAGGCTCCGGGGGAAGCGGCGGAAATTGGATCGACGTGCGCTACGACCTGGAAAAGA TCGAGAGCCTGATCCAGAGCATCCACATCGACACCACCCTGTACACCGACAGCGACTTCCACCCCAGCTGCAAAGTGACCGCTATGAA CTGCTTCCTGCTGGAACTGCAAGTGATCCTGCACGAGTACAGCAACATGACCCTGAACGAGACAGTGCGGAACGTGCTGTACCTGGCC AACAGCACCCTGAGCAGCAACAAGAACGTGGCCGAGAGCGGCTGCAAAGAGTGCGAGGAACTGGAAGAAAAGACCTTCACCGAGTTTC TGCAGAGCTTCATCAGGATCGTGCAGATGTTCATCAACACCTCTTGATGAGTCGACGTCCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTG CCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCT GCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAA CCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 50 ModA murine GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCAUGGGCGCCAUGGCCCCUAGAACAUUGCUCCUGCUG IL-15 sushi CUGGCCGCUGCCCUGGCCCCUACACAGACAAGAGCUGGACCUGGAUCCACCACGUGUCCACCUCCCGUAUCUAUUGAGCAUGCUGACA (RNA) UCCGGGUCAAGAAUUACAGUGUGAACUCCAGGGAGAGGUAUGUCUGUAACUCUGGCUUUAAGCGGAAAGCUGGAACAUCCACCCUGAU UGAGUGUGUGAUCAACAAGAACACAAAUGUUGCCCACUGGACAACUCCCAGCCUCAAGUGCAUCAGAGACCCCUCCCUAGCUGGAGGG AGCGGAGGCUCUGGCGGAAGCGGCGGGUCUGGAGGCUCCGGGGGAAGCGGCGGAAAUUGGAUCGACGUGCGCUACGACCUGGAAAAGA UCGAGAGCCUGAUCCAGAGCAUCCACAUCGACACCACCCUGUACACCGACAGCGACUUCCACCCCAGCUGCAAAGUGACCGCUAUGAA CUGCUUCCUGCUGGAACUGCAAGUGAUCCUGCACGAGUACAGCAACAUGACCCUGAACGAGACAGUGCGGAACGUGCUGUACCUGGCC AACAGCACCCUGAGCAGCAACAAGAACGUGGCCGAGAGCGGCUGCAAAGAGUGCGAGGAACUGGAAGAAAAGACCUUCACCGAGUUUC UGCAGAGCUUCAUCAGGAUCGUGCAGAUGUUCAUCAACACCUCUUGAUGAGUCGACGUCCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUG CCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCU GCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAA CCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 51 ModB murine MGAMAPRTLLLLLAAALAPTQTRAGPGSTTCPPPVSIEHADIRVKNYSVNSRERYVCNSGFKRKAGTSTLIECVINKNTNVAHWTTPS IL-15 sushi LKCIRDPSLAGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGSGGNWIDVRYDLEKIESLIQSIHIDTTLYTDSDFHPSCKVTAMNCFLLELQVILHEYSNMT (amino LNETVRNVLYLANSTLSSNKNVAESGCKECEELEEKTFTEFLQSFIRIVQMFINTS acid) 52 ModB murine GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA IL-15 sushi TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCCATGGGCGCCATGGCCCCTAGAACATTGCTCC (DNA: TGCTGCTGGCCGCTGCCCTGGCCCCTACZCAGACAAGAGCTGGACCTGGATCCACCACGTGTCCACCTCCCGTATCTATTGAGCATGC 5′UTR- TGACATCCGGGTCAAGAATTACAGTGTGAACTCCAGGGAGAGGTATGTCTGTAACTCTGGCTTTAAGCGGAAAGCTGGAACATCCACC CDS-3′UTR) CTGATTGAGTGTGTGATCAACAAGAACACAAATGTTGCCCACTGGACAACTCCCAGCCTCAAGTGCATCAGAGACCCCTCCCTAGCTG GAGGGAGCGGAGGCTCTGGCGGAAGCGGCGGGTCTGGAGGCTCCGGGGGAAGCGGCGGAAATTGGATCGACGTGCGCTACGACCTGGA AAAGATCGAGAGCCTGATCCAGAGCATCCACATCGACACCACCCTGTACACCGACAGCGACTTCCACCCCAGCTGCAAAGTGACCGCT ATGAACTGCTTCCTGCTGGAACTGCAAGTGATCCTGCACGAGTACAGCAACATGACCCTGAACGAGACAGTGCGGAACGTGCTGTACC TGGCCAACAGCACCCTGAGCAGCAACAAGAACGTGGCCGAGAGCGGCTGCAAAGAGTGCGAGGAACTGGAAGAAAAGACCTTCACCGA GTTTCTGCAGAGCTTCATCAGGATCGTGCAGATGTTCATCAACACCTCTTGATGAGTCGACGTCCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCT AGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCA CCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTG ATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAG CAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 53 ModB murine GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA IL-15 sushi UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCCAUGGGCGCCAUGGCCCCUAGAACAUUGCUCC (RNA) UGCUGCUGGCCGCUGCCCUGGCCCCUACACAGACAAGAGCUGGACCUGGAUCCACCACGUGUCCACCUCCCGUAUCUAUUGAGCAUGC UGACAUCCGGGUCAAGAAUUACAGUGUGAACUCCAGGGAGAGGUAUGUCUGUAACUCUGGCUUUAAGCGGAAAGCUGGAACAUCCACC CUGAUUGAGUGUGUGAUCAACAAGAACACAAAUGUUGCCCACUGGACAACUCCCAGCCUCAAGUGCAUCAGAGACCCCUCCCUAGCUG GAGGGAGCGGAGGCUCUGGCGGAAGCGGCGGGUCUGGAGGCUCCGGGGGAAGCGGCGGAAAUUGGAUCGACGUGCGCUACGACCUGGA AAAGAUCGAGAGCCUGAUCCAGAGCAUCCACAUCGACACCACCCUGUACACCGACAGCGACUUCCACCCCAGCUGCAAAGUGACCGCU AUGAACUGCUUCCUGCUGGAACUGCAAGUGAUCCUGCACGAGUACAGCAACAUGACCCUGAACGAGACAGUGCGGAACGUGCUGUACC UGGCCAACAGCACCCUGAGCAGCAACAAGAACGUGGCCGAGAGCGGCUGCAAAGAGUGCGAGGAACUGGAAGAAAAGACCUUCACCGA GUUUCUGCAGAGCUUCAUCAGGAUCGUGCAGAUGUUCAUCAACACCUCUUGAUGAGUCGACGUCCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCU AGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCA CCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUG AUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAG CAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA GM-CSF mouse 54 ModA murine MWLQNLLFLGIVVYSLSAPTRSPITVTRPWKHVEAIKEALNLLDDMPVTLNEEVEVVSNEFSFKKLTCVQTRLKIFEQGLRGNFTKLK GM-CSF GALNMTASYYQTYCPPTPETDCETQVTTYADFIDSLKTFLTDIPFECKKPGQK (amino acid) 55 ModA murine GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCATGTGGCTGCAGAACCTGCTGTTCCTGGGCATCGTG GM-CSF GTGTACAGCCTGAGCGCCCCCACCAGGAGCCCCATCACCGTGACCAGGCCCTGGAAGCACGTGGAGGCCATCAAGGAGGCCCTGAACC (DNA: TGCTGGACGACATGCCCGTGACCCTGAACGAGGAGGTGGAGGTGGTGAGCAACGAGTTCAGCTTCAAGAAGCTGACCTGCGTGCAGAC 5′UTR- CAGGCTGAAGATCTTCGAGCAGGGCCTGAGGGGCAACTTCACCAAGCTGAAGGGCGCCCTGAACATGACCGCCAGCTACTACCAGACC CDS-3′UTR) TACTGCCCCCCCACCCCCGAGACCGACTGCGAGACCCAGGTGACCACCTACGCCGACTTCATCGACAGCCTGAAGACCTTCCTGACCG ACATCCCCTTCGAGTGCAAGAAGCCCGGCCAGAAGTGATGACTCGAGCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGT CCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGA CACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATA AACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCGAGACCTGGTCCAGAGTCGCTAGCCGC GTCGCTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 56 ModA murine GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCAUGUGGCUGCAGAACCUGCUGUUCCUGGGCAUCGUG GM-CSF GUGUACAGCCUGAGCGCCCCCACCAGGAGCCCCAUCACCGUGACCAGGCCCUGGAAGCACGUGGAGGCCAUCAAGGAGGCCCUGAACC (RNA) UGCUGGACGACAUGCCCGUGACCCUGAACGAGGAGGUGGAGGUGGUGAGCAACGAGUUCAGCUUCAAGAAGCUGACCUGCGUGCAGAC CAGGCUGAAGAUCUUCGAGCAGGGCCUGAGGGGCAACUUCACCAAGCUGAAGGGCGCCCUGAACAUGACCGCCAGCUACUACCAGACC UACUGCCCCCCCACCCCCGAGACCGACUGCGAGACCCAGGUGACCACCUACGCCGACUUCAUCGACAGCCUGAAGACCUUCCUGACCG ACAUCCCCUUCGAGUGCAAGAAGCCCGGCCAGAAGUGAUGACUCGAGCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGU CCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGA CACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUA AACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCGAGACCUGGUCCAGAGUCGCUAGCCGC GUCGCUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 57 ModB murine MWLQNLLFLGIVVYSLSAPTRSPITVTRPWKHVEAIKEALNLLDDMPVTLNEEVEVVSNEFSFKKLTCVQTRLKIFEQGLRGNFTKLK GM-CSF GALNMTASYYQTYCPPTPETDCETQVTTYADFIDSLKTFLTDIPFECKKPGQK (amino acid) 58 ModB murine GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA GM-CSF TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCCATGTGGCTGCAGAACCTGCTGTTCCTGGGCA (DNA: TCGTGGTGTACAGCCTGAGCGCCCCCACCAGGAGCCCCATCACCGTGACCAGGCCCTGGAAGCACGTGGAGGCCATCAAGGAGGCCCT 5′UTR- GAACCTGCTGGACGACATGCCCGTGACCCTGAACGAGGAGGTGGAGGTGGTGAGCAACGAGTTCAGCTTCAAGAAGCTGACCTGCGTG CDS-3′UTR) CAGACCAGGCTGAAGATCTTCGAGCAGGGCCTGAGGGGCAACTTCACCAAGCTGAAGGGCGCCCTGAACATGACCGCCAGCTACTACC AGACCTACTGCCCCCCCACCCCCGAGACCGACTGCGAGACCCAGGTGACCACCTACGCCGACTTCATCGACAGCCTGAAGACCTTCCT GACCGACATCCCCTTCGAGTGCAAGAAGCCCGGCCAGAAGTGATGACTCGAGCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTT CCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTT CCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAG CAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCGAGACCTGGTCCAGAGTCGCTA GCCGCGTCGCTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 59 ModB murine GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA GM-CSF UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCCAUGUGGCUGCAGAACCUGCUGUUCCUGGGCA (RNA) UCGUGGUGUACAGCCUGAGCGCCCCCACCAGGAGCCCCAUCACCGUGACCAGGCCCUGGAAGCACGUGGAGGCCAUCAAGGAGGCCCU GAACCUGCUGGACGACAUGCCCGUGACCCUGAACGAGGAGGUGGAGGUGGUGAGCAACGAGUUCAGCUUCAAGAAGCUGACCUGCGUG CAGACCAGGCUGAAGAUCUUCGAGCAGGGCCUGAGGGGCAACUUCACCAAGCUGAAGGGCGCCCUGAACAUGACCGCCAGCUACUACC AGACCUACUGCCCCCCCACCCCCGAGACCGACUGCGAGACCCAGGUGACCACCUACGCCGACUUCAUCGACAGCCUGAAGACCUUCCU GACCGACAUCCCCUUCGAGUGCAAGAAGCCCGGCCAGAAGUGAUGACUCGAGCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUU CCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUU CCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAG CAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCGAGACCUGGUCCAGAGUCGCUA GCCGCGUCGCUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA FLT3L mouse 60 ModA FLT3L MGAMAPRTLLLLLAAALAPTQTRAGPGSTQDCSFQHSPISSDFAVKIRELSDYLLQDYPVTVASNLQDEELCGGLWRLVLAQRWMERL (amino KTVAGSKMQGLLERVNTEIHFVTKCAFQPPPSCLRFVQTNISRLLQETSEQLVALKPWITRQNFSRCLELQCQPDSSTLPPPWSPRPL acid, human EATAPTAPQPP FLT3L in combination with a mouse optimized secretion sequence)) 61 ModA FLT3L GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCATGGGCGCCATGGCCCCTAGAACATTGCTCCTGCTG (DNA: CTGGCCGCTGCCCTGGCCCCTACACAGACAAGAGCTGGACCTGGATCCACCCAGGACTGCAGCTTCCAGCACTCCCCTATCTCCTCCG 5′UTR- ACTTCGCCGTGAAGATCCGGGAGCTGTCCGATTACCTGCTGCAGGACTACCCTGTGACCGTGGCCAGCAACCTGCAGGACGAAGAACT CDS-3′UTR) GTGTGGCGGCCTGTGGCGGCTGGTGCTGGCCCAGCGGTGGATGGAACGGCTGAAAACCGTGGCCGGCTCCAAGATGCAGGGCCTGCTC GAGCGGGTGAACACCGAGATCCACTTCGTGACCAAGTGCGCCTTCCAGCCTCCTCCTTCCTGCCTGCGGTTCGTGCAGACCAACATCT CCCGGCTGCTGCAGGAAACCTCCGAGCAGCTGGTCGCCCTGAAGCCTTGGATCACCCGGCAGAACTTCTCCCGGTGTCTGGAACTCCA GTGTCAGCCCGACTCCTCCACCCTGCCTCCTCCCTGGTCCCCCAGGCCTCTGGAAGCCACCGCCCCTACCGCCCCACAGCCTCCTTGA TAGGTCGACGTCCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCC CAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACG CTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATACTAACCCCAGGG TTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 62 ModA FLT3L GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCAUGGGCGCCAUGGCCCCUAGAACAUUGCUCCUGCUG (RNA) CUGGCCGCUGCCCUGGCCCCUACACAGACAAGAGCUGGACCUGGAUCCACCCAGGACUGCAGCUUCCAGCACUCCCCUAUCUCCUCCG ACUUCGCCGUGAAGAUCCGGGAGCUGUCCGAUUACCUGCUGCAGGACUACCCUGUGACCGUGGCCAGCAACCUGCAGGACGAAGAACU GUGUGGCGGCCUGUGGCGGCUGGUGCUGGCCCAGCGGUGGAUGGAACGGCUGAAAACCGUGGCCGGCUCCAAGAUGCAGGGCCUGCUC GAGCGGGUGAACACCGAGAUCCACUUCGUGACCAAGUGCGCCUUCCAGCCUCCUCCUUCCUGCCUGCGGUUCGUGCAGACCAACAUCU CCCGGCUGCUGCAGGAAACCUCCGAGCAGCUGGUCGCCCUGAAGCCUUGGAUCACCCGGCAGAACUUCUCCCGGUGUCUGGAACUCCA GUGUCAGCCCGACUCCUCCACCCUGCCUCCUCCCUGGUCCCCCAGGCCUCUGGAAGCCACCGCCCCUACCGCCCCACAGCCUCCUUGA UAGGUCGACGUCCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCC CAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACG CUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGG UUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 63 ModB FLT3L MGAMAPRTLLLLLAAALAPTQTRAGPGSTQDCSFQHSPISSDFAVKIRELSDYLLQDYPVTVASNLQDEELCGGLWRLVLAQRWMERL (amino KTVAGSKMQGLLERVNTEIHFVTKCAFQPPPSCLRFVQTNISRLLQETSEQLVALKPWITRQNFSRCLELQCQPDSSTLPPPWSPRPL acid, human EATAPTAPQPP FLT3L in combination with a mouse optimized secretion sequence) 64 ModB FLT3L GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA (DNA: TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCCATGGGCGCCATGGCCCCTAGAACATTGCTCC 5′UTR- TGCTGCTGGCCGCTGCCCTGGCCCCTACACAGACAAGAGCTGGACCTGGATCCACCCAGGACTGCAGCTTCCAGCACTCCCCTATCTC CDS-3′UTR) CTCCGACTTCGCCGTGAAGATCCGGGAGCTGTCCGATTACCTGCTGCAGGACTACCCTGTGACCGTGGCCAGCAACCTGCAGGACGAA GAACTGTGTGGCGGCCTGTGGCGGCTGGTGCTGGCCCAGCGGTGGATGGAACGGCTGAAAACCGTGGCCGGCTCCAAGATGCAGGGCC TGCTCGAGCGGGTGAACACCGAGATCCACTTCGTGACCAAGTGCGCCTTCCAGCCTCCTCCTTCCTGCCTGCGGTTCGTGCAGACCAA CATCTCCCGGCTGCTGCAGGAAACCTCCGAGCAGCTGGTCGCCCTGAAGCCTTGGATCACCCGGCAGAACTTCTCCCGGTGTCTGGAA CTCCAGTGTCAGCCCGACTCCTCCACCCTGCCTCCTCCCTGGTCCCCCAGGCCTCTGGAAGCCACCGCCCCTACCGCCCCACAGCCTC CTTGATAGGTCGACGTCCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCCGACCTCG GGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATGCAGCTCA AAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATACTAACCC CAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 65 ModB murine GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA FLT3L (RNA) UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCCAUGGGCGCCAUGGCCCCUAGAACAUUGCUCC UGCUGCUGGCCGCUGCCCUGGCCCCUACACAGACAAGAGCUGGACCUGGAUCCACCCAGGACUGCAGCUUCCAGCACUCCCCUAUCUC CUCCGACUUCGCCGUGAAGAUCCGGGAGCUGUCCGAUUACCUGCUGCAGGACUACCCUGUGACCGUGGCCAGCAACCUGCAGGACGAA GAACUGUGUGGCGGCCUGUGGCGGCUGGUGCUGGCCCAGCGGUGGAUGGAACGGCUGAAAACCGUGGCCGGCUCCAAGAUGCAGGGCC UGCUCGAGCGGGUGAACACCGAGAUCCACUUCGUGACCAAGUGCGCCUUCCAGCCUCCUCCUUCCUGCCUGCGGUUCGUGCAGACCAA CAUCUCCCGGCUGCUGCAGGAAACCUCCGAGCAGCUGGUCGCCCUGAAGCCUUGGAUCACCCGGCAGAACUUCUCCCGGUGUCUGGAA CUCCAGUGUCAGCCCGACUCCUCCACCCUGCCUCCUCCCUGGUCCCCCAGGCCUCUGGAAGCCACCGCCCCUACCGCCCCACAGCCUC CUUGAUAGGUCGACGUCCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCCGACCUCG GGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUGCAGCUCA AAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUACUAACCC CAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 41BBL mouse 66 ModA murine MDQHTLDVEDTADARHPAGTSCPSDAALLRDTGLLADAALLSDTVRPTNAALPTDAAYPAVNVRDREAAWPPALNFCSRHPKLYGLVA 41BBL LVLLLLIAACVPIFTRTEPRPALTITTSPNLGTRENNADQVTPVSHIGCPNTTQQGSPVFAKLLAKNQASLCNTTLNWHSQDGAGSSY (amino LSQGLRYEEDKKELVVDSPGLYYVFLELKLSPTFTNTGHKVQGWVSLVLQAKPQVDDFDNLALTVELFPCSMENKLVDRSWSQLLLLK acid) AGHRLSVGLRAYLHGAQDAYRDWELSYPNTTSFGLFLVKPDNPWE 67 ModA murine GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCATGGACCAGCACACACTTGATGTGGAGGATACCGCG 41BBL GATGCCAGACATCCAGCAGGTACTTCGTGCCCCTCGGATGCGGCGCTCCTCAGAGATACCGGGCTCCTCGCGGACGCTGCGCTCCTCT (DNA: CAGATACTGTGCGCCCCACAAATGCCGCGCTCCCCACGGATGCTGCCTACCCTGCGGTTAATGTTCGGGATCGCGAGGCCGCGTGGCC 5′UTR- GCCTGCACTGAACTTCTGTTCCCGCCACCCAAAGCTCTATGGCCTAGTCGCTTTGGTTTTGCTGCTTCTGATCGCCGCCTGTGTTCCT CDS-3′UTR) ATCTTCACCCGCACCGAGCCTCGGCCAGCGCTCACAATCACCACCTCGCCCAACCTGGGTACCCGAGAGAATAATGCAGACCAGGTCA CCCCTGTTTCCCACATTGGCTGCCCCAACACTACACAACAGGGCTCTCCTGTGTTCGCCAAGCTACTGGCTAAAAACCAAGCATCGTT GTGCAATACAACTCTGAACTGGCACAGCCAAGATGGAGCTGGGAGCTCATACCTATCTCAAGGTCTGAGGTACGAAGAAGACAAAAAG GAGTTGGTGGTAGACAGTCCCGGGCTCTACTACGTATTTTTGGAACTGAAGCTCAGTCCAACATTCACAAACACAGGCCACAAGGTGC AGGGCTGGGTCTCTCTTGTTTTGCAAGCAAAGCCTCAGGTAGATGACTTTGACAACTTGGCCCTGACAGTGGAACTGTTCCCTTGCTC CATGGAGAACAAGTTAGTGGACCGTTCCTGGAGTCAACTGTTGCTCCTGAAGGCTGGCCACCGCCTCAGTGTGGGTCTGAGGGCTTAT CTGCATGGAGCCCAGGATGCATACAGAGACTGGGAGCTGTCTTATCCCAACACCACCAGCTTTGGACTCTTTCTTGTGAAACCCGACA ACCCATGGGAATGATAGGGATCCGATCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCC CCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAA TGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTA TACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATG ACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 68 ModA murine GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCAUGGACCAGCACACACUUGAUGUGGAGGAUACCGCG 41BBL (RNA) GAUGCCAGACAUCCAGCAGGUACUUCGUGCCCCUCGGAUGCGGCGCUCCUCAGAGAUACCGGGCUCCUCGCGGACGCUGCGCUCCUCU CAGAUACUGUGCGCCCCACAAAUGCCGCGCUCCCCACGGAUGCUGCCUACCCUGCGGUUAAUGUUCGGGAUCGCGAGGCCGCGUGGCC GCCUGCACUGAACUUCUGUUCCCGCCACCCAAAGCUCUAUGGCCUAGUCGCUUUGGUUUUGCUGCUUCUGAUCGCCGCCUGUGUUCCU AUCUUCACCCGCACCGAGCCUCGGCCAGCGCUCACAAUCACCACCUCGCCCAACCUGGGUACCCGAGAGAAUAAUGCAGACCAGGUCA CCCCUGUUUCCCACAUUGGCUGCCCCAACACUACACAACAGGGCUCUCCUGUGUUCGCCAAGCUACUGGCUAAAAACCAAGCAUCGUU GUGCAAUACAACUCUGAACUGGCACAGCCAAGAUGGAGCUGGGAGCUCAUACCUAUCUCAAGGUCUGAGGUACGAAGAAGACAAAAAG GAGUUGGUGGUAGACAGUCCCGGGCUCUACUACGUAUUUUUGGAACUGAAGCUCAGUCCAACAUUCACAAACACAGGCCACAAGGUGC AGGGCUGGGUCUCUCUUGUUUUGCAAGCAAAGCCUCAGGUAGAUGACUUUGACAACUUGGCCCUGACAGUGGAACUGUUCCCUUGCUC CAUGGAGAACAAGUUAGUGGACCGUUCCUGGAGUCAACUGUUGCUCCUGAAGGCUGGCCACCGCCUCAGUGUGGGUCUGAGGGCUUAU CUGCAUGGAGCCCAGGAUGCAUACAGAGACUGGGAGCUGUCUUAUCCCAACACCACCAGCUUUGGACUCUUUCUUGUGAAACCCGACA ACCCAUGGGAAUGAUAGGGAUCCGAUCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCC CCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAA UGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUA UACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUG ACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 69 ModB murine MDQHTLDVEDTADARHPAGTSCPSDAALLRDTGLLADAALLSDTVRPTNAALPTDAAYPAVNVRDREAAWPPALNFCSRHPKLYGLVA 41BBL LVLLLLIAACVPIFTRTEPRPALTITTSPNLGTRENNADQVTPVSHIGCPNTTQQGSPVFAKLLAKNQASLCNTTLNWHSQDGAGSSY (amino LSQGLRYEEDKKELVVDSPGLYYVFLELKLSPTFTNTGHKVQGWVSLVLQAKPQVDDFDNLALTVELFPCSMENKLVDRSWSQLLLLK acid) AGHRLSVGLRAYLHGAQDAYRDWELSYPNTTSFGLFLVKPDNPWE 70 ModB murine GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA 41BBL TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCCATGGACCAGCACACACTTGATGTGGAGGATA (DNA: CCGCGGATGCCAGACATCCAGCAGGTACTTCGTGCCCCTCGGATGCGGCGCTCCTCAGAGATACCGGGCTCCTCGCGGACGCTGCGCT 5′UTR- CCTCTCAGATACTGTGCGCCCCACAAATGCCGCGCTCCCCACGGATGCTGCCTACCCTGCGGTTAATGTTCGGGATCGCGAGGCCGCG CDS-3′UTR) TGGCCGCCTGCACTGAACTTCTGTTCCCGCCACCCAAAGCTCTATGGCCTAGTCGCTTTGGTTTTGCTGCTTCTGATCGCCGCCTGTG TTCCTATCTTCACCCGCACCGAGCCTCGGCCAGCGCTCACAATCACCACCTCGCCCAACCTGGGTACCCGAGAGAATAATGCAGACCA GGTCACCCCTGTTTCCCACATTGGCTGCCCCAACACTACACAACAGGGCTCTCCTGTGTTCGCCAAGCTACTGGCTAAAAACCAAGCA TCGTTGTGCAATACAACTCTGAACTGGCACAGCCAAGATGGAGCTGGGAGCTCATACCTATCTCAAGGTCTGAGGTACGAAGAAGACA AAAAGGAGTTGGTGGTAGACAGTCCCGGGCTCTACTACGTATTTTTGGAACTGAAGCTCAGTCCAACATTCACAAACACAGGCCACAA GGTGCAGGGCTGGGTCTCTCTTGTTTTGCAAGCAAAGCCTCAGGTAGATGACTTTGACAACTTGGCCCTGACAGTGGAACTGTTCCCT TGCTCCATGGAGAACAAGTTAGTGGACCGTTCCTGGAGTCAACTGTTGCTCCTGAAGGCTGGCCACCGCCTCAGTGTGGGTCTGAGGG CTTATCTGCATGGAGCCCAGGATGCATACAGAGACTGGGAGCTGTCTTATCCCAACACCACCAGCTTTGGACTCTTTCTTGTGAAACC CGACAACCCATGGGAATGATAGGGATCCGATCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGCCCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGT CTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTGCTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGC AGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAACCTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTA AGCTATACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGC ATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 71 ModB murine GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUDGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA 41BBL (RNA) UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCCAUGGACCAGCACACACUUGAUGUGGAGGAUA CCGCGGAUGCCAGACAUCCAGCAGGUACUUCGUGCCCCUCGGAUGCGGCGCUCCUCAGAGAUACCGGGCUCCUCGCGGACGCUGCGCU CCUCUCAGAUACUGUGCGCCCCACAAAUGCCGCGCUCCCCACGGAUGCUGCCUACCCUGCGGUUAAUGUUCGGGAUCGCGAGGCCGCG UGGCCGCCUGCACUGAACUUCUGUUCCCGCCACCCAAAGCUCUAUGGCCUAGUCGCUUUGGUUUUGCUGCUUCUGAUCGCCGCCUGUG UUCCUAUCUUCACCCGCACCGAGCCUCGGCCAGCGCUCACAAUCACCACCUCGCCCAACCUGGGUACCCGAGAGAAUAAUGCAGACCA GGUCACCCCUGUUUCCCACAUUGGCUGCCCCAACACUACACAACAGGGCUCUCCUGUGUUCGCCAAGCUACUGGCUAAAAACCAAGCA UCGUUGUGCAAUACAACUCUGAACUGGCACAGCCAAGAUGGAGCUGGGAGCUCAUACCUAUCUCAAGGUCUGAGGUACGAAGAAGACA AAAAGGAGUUGGUGGUAGACAGUCCCGGGCUCUACUACGUAUUUUUGGAACUGAAGCUCAGUCCAACAUUCACAAACACAGGCCACAA GGUGCAGGGCUGGGUCUCUCUUGUUUUGCAAGCAAAGCCUCAGGUAGAUGACUUUGACAACUUGGCCCUGACAGUGGAACUGUUCCCU UGCUCCAUGGAGAACAAGUUAGUGGACCGUUCCUGGAGUCAACUGUUGCUCCUGAAGGCUGGCCACCGCCUCAGUGUGGGUCUGAGGG CUUAUCUGCAUGGAGCCCAGGAUGCAUACAGAGACUGGGAGCUGUCUUAUCCCAACACCACCAGCUUUGGACUCUUUCUUGUGAAACC CGACAACCCAUGGGAAUGAUAGGGAUCCGAUCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGCCCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGU CUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUGCUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGC AGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAACCUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUA AGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGC AUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA CD27L-CD40L mouse 72 ModA murine MRVTAPRTLILLLSGALALTETWAGSGSHPEPHTAELQLNLTVPRKDPTLRWGAGPALGRSFTHGPELEEGHLRIHQDGLYRLHIQVT CD27L-CD40L LANCSSPGSTLQHRATLAVGICSPAAHGISLLRGRFGQDCTVALQRLTYLVHGDVLCTNLTLPLLPSRNADETFFGVQWICPGGGSGG (amino GHPEPHTAELQLNLTVPRKDPTLRWGAGPALGRSFTHGPELEEGHLRIHQDGLYRLHIQVTLANCSSPGSTLQHRATLAVGICSPAAH acid) GISLLRGRFGQDCTVALQRLTYLVHGDVLCTNLTLPLLPSRNADETFFGVQWICPGGGSGGGHPEPHTAELQLNLTVPRKDPTLRWGA Sequence GPALGRSFTHGPELEEGHLRIHQDGLYRLHIQVTLANCSSPGSTLQHRATLAVGICSPAAHGISLLRGRFGQDCTVALQRLTYLVHGD annotations VLCTNLTLPLLPSRNADETFEGVQWICPGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGDEDPQIAAHVVSEANSNAASVLQWAKKGYYTMKSNLVMLENGKQ CAPS: LTVKREGLYYVYTQVTFCSNREPSSQRPFIVGLWLKPSSGSERILLKAANTHSSSQLCEQQSVHLGGVFELQAGASVFVNVTEASQVI CD27L; HRVGFSSFGLLKLGGGSGGGGDEDPQIAAHVVSEANSNAASVLQWAKKGYYTMKSNLVMLENGKQLTVKREGLYYVYTQVTFCSNREP CAPS: SSQRPFIVGLWLKPSSGSERILLKAANTHSSSQLCEQQSVHLGGVFELQAGASVFVNVTEASQVIHRVGFSSFGLLKLGGGSGGGGDE linker; DPQIAAHVVSEANSNAASVLQWAKKGYYTMKSNLVMLENGKQLTVKREGLYYVYTQVTFCSNREPSSQRPFIVGLWLKPSSGSERILL CAPS: CD40L KAANTHSSSQLCEQQSVHLGGVFELQAGASVFVNVTEASQVIHRVGFSSFGLLKL 73 ModA murine GGGCGAACTAGTATTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCATGAGAGTGACCGCCCCCAGAACCCTGATCCTGCTG CD27L-CD40L CTGTCTGGCGCCCTGGCCCTGACAGAGACATGGGCCGGAAGCGGATCCCACCCCGAGCCCCACACCGCCGAACTGCAGCTGAACCTGA (DNA: CCGTGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCTGAGATGGGGAGCTGGCCCTGCTCTGGGCAGATCCTTTACACACGGCCCCGAGCTGGAAGAAGG 5′UTR- CCACCTGAGAATCCACCAGGACGGCCTGTACAGACTGCACATCCAAGTGACCCTGGCCAACTGCAGCAGCCCTGGCTCTACCCTGCAG CDS-3′UTR) CACAGAGCCACACTGGCCGTGGGCATCTGTAGCCCTGCTGCTCACGGAATCAGCCTGCTGAGAGGCAGATTCGGCCAGGACTGTACCG TGGCCCTGCAGAGGCTGACCTATCTGGTGCATGGCGACGTGCTGTGCACCAACCTGACACTGCCTCTGCTGCCCAGCAGAAACGCCGA CGAAACATTCTTTGGAGTGCAGTGGATTTGTCCTGGCGGAGGGTCCGGGGGAGGACACCCAGAACCTCATACAGCTGAACTGCAGCTG AACCTGACCGTGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCTGAGATGGGGAGCTGGCCCTGCTCTGGGCAGATCCTTTACACACGGCCCCGAGCTGG AAGAAGGCCACCTGAGAATCCACCAGGACGGCCTGTACAGACTGCACATCCAAGTGACCCTGGCCAACTGCAGCAGCCCTGGCTCTAC CCTGCAGCACAGAGCCACACTGGCCGTGGGCATCTGTAGCCCTGCTGCTCACGGAATCAGCCTGCTGAGAGGCAGATTCGGCCAGGAC TGTACCGTGGCCCTGCAGAGGCTGACCTATCTGGTGCATGGCGACGTGCTGTGCACCAACCTGACACTGCCTCTGCTGCCCAGCAGAA ACGCCGACGAAACATTCTTTGGAGTGCAGTGGATTTGTCCTGGGGGAGGCTCCGGAGGCGGACACCCTGAACCTCATACAGCTGAACT GCAGCTGAACCTGACCGTGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCTGAGATGGGGAGCTGGCCCTGCTCTGGGCAGATCCTTTACACACGGCCCC GAGCTGGAAGAAGGCCACCTGAGAATCCACCAGGACGGCCTGTACAGACTGCACATCCAAGTGACCCTGGCCAACTGCAGCAGCCCTG GCTCTACCCTGCAGCACAGAGCCACACTGGCCGTGGGCATCTGTAGCCCTGCTGCTCACGGAATCAGCCTGCTGAGAGGCAGATTCGG CCAGGACTGTACCGTGGCCCTGCAGAGGCTGACCTATCTGGTGCATGGCGACGTGCTGTGCACCAACCTGACACTGCCTCTGCTGCCC AGCAGAAACGCCGACGAGACCTTCTTCGGCGTCCAGTGGATCTGCCCCGGAGGCGGTGGTAGTGGAGGTGGCGGGTCCGGTGGAGGTG GAAGCGGCGACGAGGACCCCCAGATCGCCGCCCACGTGGTGTCTGAGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGCCTCTGTGCTGCAGTGGGCCAAGAA AGGCTACTACACCATGAAGTCCAACCTCGTGATGCTGGAAAACGGCAAGCAGCTGACCGTGAAGCGCGAGGGCCTGTACTATGTGTAC ACCCAAGTGACATTCTGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCTTTTATCGTGGGCCTGTGGCTGAAGCCTAGCAGCGGCAGCG AGAGAATCCTGCTGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCTCTCAGCTGTGCGAGCAGCAGTCTGTGCACCTGGGAGGCGTGTTCGAGCT GCAAGCTGGCGCTTCCGTGTTCGTGAACGTGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGTGATCCACAGAGTGGGCTTCAGCAGCTTTGGACTGCTCAAA CTGGGCGGAGGGTCCGGCGGAGGCGGAGATGAAGATCCTCAGATTGCTGCCCACGTGGTGTCTGAGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGCCTCTG TGCTGCAGTGGGCCAAGAAAGGCTACTACACCATGAAGTCCAACCTCGTGATGCTGGAAAACGGCAAGCAGCTGACCGTGAAGCGCGA GGGCCTGTACTATGTGTACACCCAAGTGACATTCTGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCTTTTATCGTGGGCCTGTGGCTG AAGCCTAGCAGCGGCAGCGAGAGAATCCTGCTGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCTCTCAGCTGTGCGAGCAGCAGTCTGTGCACC TGGGAGGCGTGTTCGAGCTGCAAGCTGGCGCTTCCGTGTTCGTGAACGTGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGTGATCCACAGAGTGGGCTTCAG CAGCTTTGGACTGCTCAAACTGGGAGGCGGCTCCGGAGGCGGAGGAGATGAAGATCCTCAGATTGCTGCCCACGTGGTGTCTGAGGCC AACAGCAACGCCGCCTCTGTGCTGCAGTGGGCCAAGAAAGGCTACTACACCATGAAGTCCAACCTCGTGATGCTGGAAAACGGCAAGC AGCTGACCGTGAAGCGCGAGGGCCTGTACTATGTGTACACCCAAGTGACATTCTGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCTTT TATCGTGGGCCTGTGGCTGAAGCCTAGCAGCGGCAGCGAGAGAATCCTGCTGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCTCTCAGCTGTGC GAGCAGCAGTCTGTGCACCTGGGAGGCGTGTTCGAGCTGCAAGCTGGCGCTTCCGTGTTCGTGAACGTGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGTGA TCCACAGAGTGGGCTTCTCCTCCTTCGGCCTCCTGAAGCTGTGACTCGAGAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTC CTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTT TCATTGCTGCGTCGAGAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGG ATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGCTGCGTCGAGACCTGGTCCAGAGTCGCT AGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 74 ModA murine GGGCGAACUAGUAUUCUUCUGGUCCCCACAGACUCAGAGAGAACCCGCCACCAUGAGAGUGACCGCCCCCAGAACCCUGAUCCUGCUG CD27L-CD40L CUGUCUGGCGCCCUGGCCCUGACAGAGACAUGGGCCGGAAGCGGAUCCCACCCCGAGCCCCACACCGCCGAACUGCAGCUGAACCUGA (RNA) CCGUGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCUGAGAUGGGGAGCUGGCCCUGCUCUGGGCAGAUCCUUUACACACGGCCCCGAGCUGGAAGAAGG CCACCUGAGAAUCCACCAGGACGGCCUGUACAGACUGCACAUCCAAGUGACCCUGGCCAACUGCAGCAGCCCUGGCUCUACCCUGCAG CACAGAGCCACACUGGCCGUGGGCAUCUGUAGCCCUGCUGCUCACGGAAUCAGCCUGCUGAGAGGCAGAUUCGGCCAGGACUGUACCG UGGCCCUGCAGAGGCUGACCUAUCUGGUGCAUGGCGACGUGCUGUGCACCAACCUGACACUGCCUCUGCUGCCCAGCAGAAACGCCGA CGAAACAUUCUUUGGAGUGCAGUGGAUUUGUCCUGGCGGAGGGUCCGGGGGAGGACACCCAGAACCUCAUACAGCUGAACUGCAGCUG AACCUGACCGUGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCUGAGAUGGGGAGCUGGCCCUGCUCUGGGCAGAUCCUUUACACACGGCCCCGAGCUGG AAGAAGGCCACCUGAGAAUCCACCAGGACGGCCUGUACAGACUGCACAUCCAAGUGACCCUGGCCAACUGCAGCAGCCCUGGCUCUAC CCUGCAGCACAGAGCCACACUGGCCGUGGGCAUCUGUAGCCCUGCUGCUCACGGAAUCAGCCUGCUGAGAGGCAGAUUCGGCCAGGAC UGUACCGUGGCCCUGCAGAGGCUGACCUAUCUGGUGCAUGGCGACGUGCUGUGCACCAACCUGACACUGCCUCUGCUGCCCAGCAGAA ACGCCGACGAAACAUUCUUUGGAGUGCAGUGGAUUUGUCCUGGGGGAGGCUCCGGAGGCGGACACCCUGAACCUCAUACAGCUGAACU GCAGCUGAACCUGACCGUGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCUGAGAUGGGGAGCUGGCCCUGCUCUGGGCAGAUCCUUUACACACGGCCCC GAGCUGGAAGAAGGCCACCUGAGAAUCCACCAGGACGGCCUGUACAGACUGCACAUCCAAGUGACCCUGGCCAACUGCAGCAGCCCUG GCUCUACCCUGCAGCACAGAGCCACACUGGCCGUGGGCAUCUGUAGCCCUGCUGCUCACGGAAUCAGCCUGCUGAGAGGCAGAUUCGG CCAGGACUGUACCGUGGCCCUGCAGAGGCUGACCUAUCUGGUGCAUGGCGACGUGCUGUGCACCAACCUGACACUGCCUCUGCUGCCC AGCAGAAACGCCGACGAGACCUUCUUCGGCGUCCAGUGGAUCUGCCCCGGAGGCGGUGGUAGUGGAGGUGGCGGGUCCGGUGGAGGUG GAAGCGGCGACGAGGACCCCCAGAUCGCCGCCCACGUGGUGUCUGAGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGCCUCUGUGCUGCAGUGGGCCAAGAA AGGCUACUACACCAUGAAGUCCAACCUCGUGAUGCUGGAAAACGGCAAGCAGCUGACCGUGAAGCGCGAGGGCCUGUACUAUGUGUAC ACCCAAGUGACAUUCUGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCUUUUAUCGUGGGCCUGUGGCUGAAGCCUAGCAGCGGCAGCG AGAGAAUCCUGCUGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCUCUCAGCUGUGCGAGCAGCAGUCUGUGCACCUGGGAGGCGUGUUCGAGCU GCAAGCUGGCGCUUCCGUGUUCGUGAACGUGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGUGAUCCACAGAGUGGGCUUCAGCAGCUUUGGACUGCUCAAA CUGGGCGGAGGGUCCGGCGGAGGCGGAGAUGAAGAUCCUCAGAUUGCUGCCCACGUGGUGUCUGAGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGCCUCUG UGCUGCAGUGGGCCAAGAAAGGCUACUACACCAUGAAGUCCAACCUCGUGAUGCUGGAAAACGGCAAGCAGCUGACCGUGAAGCGCGA GGGCCUGUACUAUGUGUACACCCAAGUGACAUUCUGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCUUUUAUCGUGGGCCUGUGGCUG AAGCCUAGCAGCGGCAGCGAGAGAAUCCUGCUGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCUCUCAGCUGUGCGAGCAGCAGUCUGUGCACC UGGGAGGCGUGUUCGAGCUGCAAGCUGGCGCUUCCGUGUUCGUGAACGUGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGUGAUCCACAGAGUGGGCUUCAG CAGCUUUGGACUGCUCAAACUGGGAGGCGGCUCCGGAGGCGGAGGAGAUGAAGAUCCUCAGAUUGCUGCCCACGUGGUGUCUGAGGCC AACAGCAACGCCGCCUCUGUGCUGCAGUGGGCCAAGAAAGGCUACUACACCAUGAAGUCCAACCUCGUGAUGCUGGAAAACGGCAAGC AGCUGACCGUGAAGCGCGAGGGCCUGUACUAUGUGUACACCCAAGUGACAUUCUGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCUUU UAUCGUGGGCCUGUGGCUGAAGCCUAGCAGCGGCAGCGAGAGAAUCCUGCUGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCUCUCAGCUGUGC GAGCAGCAGUCUGUGCACCUGGGAGGCGUGUUCGAGCUGCAAGCUGGCGCUUCCGUGUUCGUGAACGUGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGUGA UCCACAGAGUGGGCUUCUCCUCCUUCGGCCUCCUGAAGCUGUGACUCGAGAGCUCGCUUUCUUGCUGUCCAAUUUCUAUUAAAGGUUC CUUUGUUCCCUAAGUCCAACUACUAAACUGGGGGAUAUUAUGAAGGGCCUUGAGCAUCUGGAUUCUGCCUAAUAAAAAACAUUUAUUU UCAUUGCUGCGUCGAGAGCUCGCUUUCUUGCUGUCCAAUUUCUAUUAAAGGUUCCUUUGUUCCCUAAGUCCAACUACUAAACUGGGGG AUAUUAUGAAGGGCCUUGAGCAUCUGGAUUCUGCCUAAUAAAAAACAUUUAUUUUCAUUGCUGCGUCGAGACCUGGUCCAGAGUCGCU AGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 75 ModB murine MGAMAPRTLLLLLAAALAPTQTRAGPGSHPEPHTAELQLNLTVPRKDPTLRWGAGPALGRSFTHGPELEEGHLRIHQDGLYRLHIQVT CD27L-CD40L LANCSSPGSTLQHRATLAVGICSPAAHGISLLRGRFGQDCTVALQRLTYLVHGDVLCTNLTLPLLPSRNADETFFGVQWICPGGGSGG (amino GHPEPHTAELQLNLTVPRKDPTLRWGAGPALGRSFTHGPELEEGHLRIHQDGLYRLHIQVTLANCSSPGSTLQHRATLAVGICSPAAH acid) GISLLRGRFGQDCTVALQRLTYLVHGDVLCTNLTLPLLPSRNADETFFGVQWICPGGGSGGGHPEPHTAELQLNLTVPRKDPTLRWGA GPALGRSFTHGPELEEGHLRIHQDGLYRLHIQVTLANCSSPGSTLQHRATLAVGICSPAAHGISLLRGRFGQDCTVALQRLTYLVHGD VLCTNLTLPLLPSRNADETFFGVQWICPGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGDEDPQIAAHVVSEANSNAASVLQWAKKGYYTMKSNLVMLENGKQ LTVKREGLYYVYTQVTFCSNREPSSQRPFIVGLWLKPSSGSERILLKAANTHSSSQLCEQQSVHLGGVFELQAGASVFVNVTEASQVI HRVGFSSFGLLKLGGGSGGGGDEDPQIAAHVVSEANSNAASVLQWAKKGYYTMKSNLVMLENGKQLTVKREGLYYVYTQVTFCSNREP SSQRPFIVGLWLKPSSGSERILLKAANTHSSSQLCEQQSVHLGGVFELQAGASVFVNVTEASQVIHRVGFSSFGLLKLGGGSGGGGDE DPQIAAHVVSEANSNAASVLQWAKKGYYTMKSNLVMLENGKQLTVKREGLYYVYTQVTFCSNREPSSQRPFIVGLWLKPSSGSERILL KAANTHSSSQLCEQQSVHLGGVFELQAGASVFVNVTEASQVIHRVGFSSFGLLKL 76 ModB murine GGAATAAACTAGTCTCAACACAACATATACAAAACAAACGAATCTCAAGCAATCAAGCATTCTACTTCTATTGCAGCAATTTAAATCA CD27L-CD40L TTTCTTTTAAAGCAAAAGCAATTTTCTGAAAATTTTCACCATTTACGAACGATAGCCATGGGCGCCATGGCCCCTAGAACATTGCTCC (DNA: TGCTGCTGGCCGCTGCCCTGGCCCCTACACAGACAAGAGCTGGACCTGGATCCCACCCCGAGCCCCACACCGCCGAACTGCAGCTGAA 5′UTR- CCTGACCGTGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCTGAGATGGGGAGCTGGCCCTGCTCTGGGCAGATCCTTTACACACGGCCCCGAGCTGGAA CDS-3′UTR) GAAGGCCACCTGAGAATCCACCAGGACGGCCTGTACAGACTGCACATCCAAGTGACCCTGGCCAACTGCAGCAGCCCTGGCTCTACCC TGCAGCACAGAGCCACACTGGCCGTGGGCATCTGTAGCCCTGCTGCTCACGGAATCAGCCTGCTGAGAGGCAGATTCGGCCAGGACTG TACCGTGGCCCTGCAGAGGCTGACCTATCTGGTGCATGGCGACGTGCTGTGCACCAACCTGACACTGCCTCTGCTGCCCAGCAGAAAC GCCGACGAAACATTCTTTGGAGTGCAGTGGATTTGTCCTGGCGGAGGGTCCGGGGGAGGACACCCAGAACCTCATACAGCTGAACTGC AGCTGAACCTGACCGTGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCTGAGATGGGGAGCTGGCCCTGCTCTGGGCAGATCCTTTACACACGGCCCCGA GCTGGAAGAAGGCCACCTGAGAATCCACCAGGACGGCCTGTACAGACTGCACATCCAAGTGACCCTGGCCAACTGCAGCAGCCCTGGC TCTACCCTGCAGCACAGAGCCACACTGGCCGTGGGCATCTGTAGCCCTGCTGCTCACGGAATCAGCCTGCTGAGAGGCAGATTCGGCC AGGACTGTACCGTGGCCCTGCAGAGGCTGACCTATCTGGTGCATGGCGACGTGCTGTGCACCAACCTGACACTGCCTCTGCTGCCCAG CAGAAACGCCGACGAAACATTCTTTGGAGTGCAGTGGATTTGTCCTGGGGGAGGCTCCGGAGGCGGACACCCTGAACCTCATACAGCT GAACTGCAGCTGAACCTGACCGTGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCTGAGATGGGGAGCTGGCCCTGCTCTGGGCAGATCCTTTACACACG GCCCCGAGCTGGAAGAAGGCCACCTGAGAATCCACCAGGACGGCCTGTACAGACTGCACATCCAAGTGACCCTGGCCAACTGCAGCAG CCCTGGCTCTACCCTGCAGCACAGAGCCACACTGGCCGTGGGCATCTGTAGCCCTGCTGCTCACGGAATCAGCCTGCTGAGAGGCAGA TTCGGCCAGGACTGTACCGTGGCCCTGCAGAGGCTGACCTATCTGGTGCATGGCGACGTGCTGTGCACCAACCTGACACTGCCTCTGC TGCCCAGCAGAAACGCCGACGAGACCTTCTTCGGCGTCCAGTGGATCTGCCCCGGAGGCGGTGGTAGTGGAGGTGGCGGGTCCGGTGG AGGTGGAAGCGGCGACGAGGACCCCCAGATCGCCGCCCACGTGGTGTCTGAGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGCCTCTGTGCTGCAGTGGGCC AAGAAAGGCTACTACACCATGAAGTCCAACCTCGTGATGCTGGAAAACGGCAAGCAGCTGACCGTGAAGCGCGAGGGCCTGTACTATG TGTACACCCAAGTGACATTCTGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCTTTTATCGTGGGCCTGTGGCTGAAGCCTAGCAGCGG CAGCGAGAGAATCCTGCTGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCTCTCAGCTGTGCGAGCAGCAGTCTGTGCACCTGGGAGGCGTGTTC GAGCTGCAAGCTGGCGCTTCCGTGTTCGTGAACGTGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGTGATCCACAGAGTGGGCTTCAGCAGCTTTGGACTGC TCAAACTGGGCGGAGGGTCCGGCGGAGGCGGAGATGAAGATCCTCAGATTGCTGCCCACGTGGTGTCTGAGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGC CTCTGTGCTGCAGTGGGCCAAGAAAGGCTACTACACCATGAAGTCCAACCTCGTGATGCTGGAAAACGGCAAGCAGCTGACCGTGAAG CGCGAGGGCCTGTACTATGTGTACACCCAAGTGACATTCTGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCTTTTATCGTGGGCCTGT GGCTGAAGCCTAGCAGCGGCAGCGAGAGAATCCTGCTGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCTCTCAGCTGTGCGAGCAGCAGTCTGT GCACCTGGGAGGCGTGTTCGAGCTGCAAGCTGGCGCTTCCGTGTTCGTGAACGTGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGTGATCCACAGAGTGGGC TTCAGCAGCTTTGGACTGCTCAAACTGGGAGGCGGCTCCGGAGGCGGAGGAGATGAAGATCCTCAGATTGCTGCCCACGTGGTGTCTG AGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGCCTCTGTGCTGCAGTGGGCCAAGAAAGGCTACTACACCATGAAGTCCAACCTCGTGATGCTGGAAAACGG CAAGCAGCTGACCGTGAAGCGCGAGGGCCTGTACTATGTGTACACCCAAGTGACATTCTGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGG CCTTTTATCGTGGGCCTGTGGCTGAAGCCTAGCAGCGGCAGCGAGAGAATCCTGCTGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCTCTCAGC TGTGCGAGCAGCAGTCTGTGCACCTGGGAGGCGTGTTCGAGCTGCAAGCTGGCGCTTCCGTGTTCGTGAACGTGACCGAGGCCAGCCA AGTGATCCACAGAGTGGGCTTCTCCTCCTTCGGCCTCCTGAAGCTGTGACTCGACGTCCTGGTACTGCATGCACGCAATGCTAGCTGC CCCTTTCCCGTCCTGGGTACCCCGAGTCTCCCCCGACCTCGGGTCCCAGGTATGCTCCCACCTCCACCTGCCCCACTCACCACCTCTG CTAGTTCCAGACACCTCCCAAGCACGCAGCAATGCAGCTCAAAACGCTTAGCCTAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGTGATTAAC CTTTAGCAATAAACGAAAGTTTAACTAAGCTATACTAACCCCAGGGTTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCCACACCCTCGAGCTAGCAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCATATGACTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 77 ModB murine GGAAUAAACUAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAGCAAUUUAAAUCA CD27L-CD40L UUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUUCUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCCAUGGGCGCCAUGGCCCCUAGAACAUUGCUCC (RNA) UGCUGCUGGCCGCUGCCCUGGCCCCUACACAGACAAGAGCUGGACCUGGAUCCCACCCCGAGCCCCACACCGCCGAACUGCAGCUGAA CCUGACCGUGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCUGAGAUGGGGAGCUGGCCCUGCUCUGGGCAGAUCCUUUACACACGGCCCCGAGCUGGAA GAAGGCCACCUGAGAAUCCACCAGGACGGCCUGUACAGACUGCACAUCCAAGUGACCCUGGCCAACUGCAGCAGCCCUGGCUCUACCC UGCAGCACAGAGCCACACUGGCCGUGGGCAUCUGUAGCCCUGCUGCUCACGGAAUCAGCCUGCUGAGAGGCAGAUUCGGCCAGGACUG UACCGUGGCCCUGCAGAGGCUGACCUAUCUGGUGCAUGGCGACGUGCUGUGCACCAACCUGACACUGCCUCUGCUGCCCAGCAGAAAC GCCGACGAAACAUUCUUUGGAGUGCAGUGGAUUUGUCCUGGCGGAGGGUCCGGGGGAGGACACCCAGAACCUCAUACAGCUGAACUGC AGCUGAACCUGACCGUGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCUGAGAUGGGGAGCUGGCCCUGCUCUGGGCAGAUCCUUUACACACGGCCCCGA GCUGGAAGAAGGCCACCUGAGAAUCCACCAGGACGGCCUGUACAGACUGCACAUCCAAGUGACCCUGGCCAACUGCAGCAGCCCUGGC UCUACCCUGCAGCACAGAGCCACACUGGCCGUGGGCAUCUGUAGCCCUGCUGCUCACGGAAUCAGCCUGCUGAGAGGCAGAUUCGGCC AGGACUGUACCGUGGCCCUGCAGAGGCUGACCUAUCUGGUGCAUGGCGACGUGCUGUGCACCAACCUGACACUGCCUCUGCUGCCCAG CAGAAACGCCGACGAAACAUUCUUUGGAGUGCAGUGGAUUUGUCCUGGGGGAGGCUCCGGAGGCGGACACCCUGAACCUCAUACAGCU GAACUGCAGCUGAACCUGACCGUGCCCAGAAAGGACCCCACCCUGAGAUGGGGAGCUGGCCCUGCUCUGGGCAGAUCCUUUACACACG GCCCCGAGCUGGAAGAAGGCCACCUGAGAAUCCACCAGGACGGCCUGUACAGACUGCACAUCCAAGUGACCCUGGCCAACUGCAGCAG CCCUGGCUCUACCCUGCAGCACAGAGCCACACUGGCCGUGGGCAUCUGUAGCCCUGCUGCUCACGGAAUCAGCCUGCUGAGAGGCAGA UUCGGCCAGGACUGUACCGUGGCCCUGCAGAGGCUGACCUAUCUGGUGCAUGGCGACGUGCUGUGCACCAACCUGACACUGCCUCUGC UGCCCAGCAGAAACGCCGACGAGACCUUCUUCGGCGUCCAGUGGAUCUGCCCCGGAGGCGGUGGUAGUGGAGGUGGCGGGUCCGGUGG AGGUGGAAGCGGCGACGAGGACCCCCAGAUCGCCGCCCACGUGGUGUCUGAGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGCCUCUGUGCUGCAGUGGGCC AAGAAAGGCUACUACACCAUGAAGUCCAACCUCGUGAUGCUGGAAAACGGCAAGCAGCUGACCGUGAAGCGCGAGGGCCUGUACUAUG UGUACACCCAAGUGACAUUCUGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCUUUUAUCGUGGGCCUGUGGCUGAAGCCUAGCAGCGG CAGCGAGAGAAUCCUGCUGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCUCUCAGCUGUGCGAGCAGCAGUCUGUGCACCUGGGAGGCGUGUUC GAGCUGCAAGCUGGCGCUUCCGUGUUCGUGAACGUGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGUGAUCCACAGAGUGGGCUUCAGCAGCUUUGGACUGC UCAAACUGGGCGGAGGGUCCGGCGGAGGCGGAGAUGAAGAUCCUCAGAUUGCUGCCCACGUGGUGUCUGAGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGC CUCUGUGCUGCAGUGGGCCAAGAAAGGCUACUACACCAUGAAGUCCAACCUCGUGAUGCUGGAAAACGGCAAGCAGCUGACCGUGAAG CGCGAGGGCCUGUACUAUGUGUACACCCAAGUGACAUUCUGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGGCCUUUUAUCGUGGGCCUGU GGCUGAAGCCUAGCAGCGGCAGCGAGAGAAUCCUGCUGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCUCUCAGCUGUGCGAGCAGCAGUCUGU GCACCUGGGAGGCGUGUUCGAGCUGCAAGCUGGCGCUUCCGUGUUCGUGAACGUGACCGAGGCCAGCCAAGUGAUCCACAGAGUGGGC UUCAGCAGCUUUGGACUGCUCAAACUGGGAGGCGGCUCCGGAGGCGGAGGAGAUGAAGAUCCUCAGAUUGCUGCCCACGUGGUGUCUG AGGCCAACAGCAACGCCGCCUCUGUGCUGCAGUGGGCCAAGAAAGGCUACUACACCAUGAAGUCCAACCUCGUGAUGCUGGAAAACGG CAAGCAGCUGACCGUGAAGCGCGAGGGCCUGUACUAUGUGUACACCCAAGUGACAUUCUGCAGCAACCGCGAGCCCAGCAGCCAGAGG CCUUUUAUCGUGGGCCUGUGGCUGAAGCCUAGCAGCGGCAGCGAGAGAAUCCUGCUGAAGGCCGCCAACACCCACAGCAGCUCUCAGC UGUGCGAGCAGCAGUCUGUGCACCUGGGAGGCGUGUUCGAGCUGCAAGCUGGCGCUUCCGUGUUCGUGAACGUGACCGAGGCCAGCCA AGUGAUCCACAGAGUGGGCUUCUCCUCCUUCGGCCUCCUGAAGCUGUGACUCGACGUCCUGGUACUGCAUGCACGCAAUGCUAGCUGC CCCUUUCCCGUCCUGGGUACCCCGAGUCUCCCCCGACCUCGGGUCCCAGGUAUGCUCCCACCUCCACCUGCCCCACUCACCACCUCUG CUAGUUCCAGACACCUCCCAAGCACGCAGCAAUGCAGCUCAAAACGCUUAGCCUAGCCACACCCCCACGGGAAACAGCAGUGAUUAAC CUUUAGCAAUAAACGAAAGUUUAACUAAGCUAUACUAACCCCAGGGUUGGUCAAUUUCGUGCCAGCCACACCCUCGAGCUAGCAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Other sequences of the invention 78 Poly-A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 79 Anti-PD1 EVQLLESGGV LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS NFGMTWVRQA PGKGLEWVSG ISGGGRDTYF ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY Mab heavy LQMNSLKGED TAVYYCVKWG NIYFDYWGQG TLVTVSSAST KGPSVFPLAP CSRSTSESTA ALGCLVKDYF PEPVTVSWNS chain GALTSGVHTF PAVLQSSGLY SLSSVVTVPS SSLGTKTYTC NVDHKPSNTK VDKRVESKYG PPCPPCPAPE FLGGPSVFLF PPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVV VDVSQEDPEV QFNWYVDGVE VHNAKTKPRE EQFNSTYRVV SVLTVLHQDW LNGKEYKCKV SNKGLPSSIE KTISKAKGQP REPQVYTLPP SQEEMTKNQV SLTCLVKGFY PSDIAVEWES NGQPENNYKT TPPVLDSDGS FFLYSRLTVD KSRWQEGNVF SCSVMHEALH NHYTQKSLSL SLGK 80 Anti-PD1 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDSIT ITCRASLSIN TFLNWYQQKP GKAPNLLIYA ASSLHGGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTIRTLQP Mab light EDFATYYCQQ SSNTPFTFGP GTVVDFRRTV AAPSVFIFPP SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ chain ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC 81 HCDR1 GFTFSNFG 82 HCDR2 ISGGGRDT 83 HCDR3 VKWGNIYFDY 84 LCDR1 LSINTF 85 LCDR2 AAS 86 LCDR3 QQSSNTPFT 87 Anti-PD1 EVQLLESGGV LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS NFGMTWVRQA PGKGLEWVSG ISGGGRDTYF ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY Mab VH LQMNSLKGED TAVYYCVKWG NIYFDYWGQG TLVTVSS 88 Anti-PD1 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDSIT ITCRASLSIN TFLNWYQQKP GKAPNLLIYA ASSLHGGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTIRTLQP Mab VL EDFATYYCQQ SSNTPFTFGP GTVVDFR

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

The term “ModB” describes RNA comprising a modified nucleobase in place of at least one (e.g., every) uridine and further comprising a Cap1 structure at the 5′ end of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR of a ModB RNA comprises SEQ ID NOs: 4 or 6. ModB RNA has been processed to reduce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The “Cap1” structure may be generated after in-vitro translation by enzymatic capping or during in-vitro translation (co-transcriptional capping).

In some embodiments, the building block cap for ModB modified RNA is as follows, which is used when co-transcriptionally capping:

m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG (also sometimes referred to as m₂ ^(7,3′O)G(5′)ppp(5′)m^(2′-O)ApG), which has the following structure:

Below is an exemplary Cap1 RNA after co-transcriptional capping, which comprises RNA and m₂ ^(7,3′O)G(5′)ppp(5′)m^(2′-O)ApG:

Below is another exemplary Cap1 RNA after enzymatic capping (no cap analog):

The term “ModA” describes RNA without dsRNA reduction that does not comprise a modified nucleobase in place of at least one uridine. ModA RNA comprises a Cap0 structure at the 5′ end of the RNA. The 5′ UTR of a ModA RNA may comprise SEQ ID NO: 2. “Cap0” structures are generated during in-vitro translation (co-transcriptional capping) using, in one embodiment, the cap analog anti-reverse cap (ARCA Cap (m₂ ^(7,3′O)G(5′)ppp(5′)G)) with the structure:

Below is an exemplary Cap0 RNA comprising RNA and m₂ ^(7,3′O)G(5′)ppp(5′)G:

In some embodiments, the “Cap0” structures are generated during in-vitro translation (co-transcriptional capping) using the cap analog Beta-S-ARCA (m₂ ^(7,2′O)G(5′)ppSp(5′)G) with the structure:

Below is an exemplary Cap0 RNA comprising Beta-S-ARCA (m₂ ^(7,2′O)G(5′)ppSp(5′)G) and RNA.

The term “uracil,” as used herein, describes one of the nucleobases that can occur in the nucleic acid of RNA. The structure of uracil is:

The term “uridine,” as used herein, describes one of the nucleosides that can occur in RNA. The structure of uridine is:

UTP (uridine 5′-triphosphate) has the following structure:

Pseudo-UTP (pseudouridine 5′-triphosphate) has the following structure:

“Pseudouridine” is one example of a modified nucleoside that is an isomer of uridine, where the uracil is attached to the pentose ring via a carbon-carbon bond instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond. Pseudouridine is described, for example, in Charette and Gray, Life; 49:341-351 (2000).

Another exemplary modified nucleoside is N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ), which has the structure:

N1-Methylpseudo-UTP has the following structure:

As used herein, the term “poly-A tail” or “poly-A sequence” refers to an uninterrupted or interrupted sequence of adenylate residues which is typically located at the 3′ end of an RNA molecule. Poly-A tails or poly-A sequences are known to those of skill in the art, and may follow the 3′ UTR in the RNAs described herein. An uninterrupted poly-A tail is characterized by consecutive adenylate residues. In nature, an uninterrupted poly-A tail is typical. RNAs disclosed herein can have a poly-A tail attached to the free 3′ end of the RNA by a template-independent RNA polymerase after transcription or a poly-A tail encoded by DNA and transcribed by a template-dependent RNA polymerase.

It has been demonstrated that a poly-A tail of about 120 A nucleotides has a beneficial influence on the levels of RNA in transfected eukaryotic cells, as well as on the levels of protein that is translated from an open reading frame that is present upstream (5′) of the poly-A tail (Holtkamp et al., 2006, Blood, vol. 108, pp. 4009-4017).

The poly-A tail may be of any length. In one embodiment, a poly-A tail comprises, essentially consists of, or consists of at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 80, or at least 100 and up to 500, up to 400, up to 300, up to 200, or up to 150 A nucleotides, and, in particular, about 120 A nucleotides. In this context “essentially consists of” means that most nucleotides in the poly-A tail, typically at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% by number of nucleotides in the poly-A tail are A nucleotides, but permits that remaining nucleotides are nucleotides other than A nucleotides, such as U nucleotides (uridylate), G nucleotides (guanylate), or C nucleotides (cytidylate). In this context, “consists of” means that all nucleotides in the poly-A tail, i.e., 100% by number of nucleotides in the poly-A tail, are A nucleotides. The term “A nucleotide” or “A” refers to adenylate.

In some embodiments, a poly-A tail is attached during RNA transcription, e.g., during preparation of in vitro transcribed RNA, based on a DNA template comprising repeated dT nucleotides (deoxythymidylate) in the strand complementary to the coding strand. The DNA sequence encoding a poly-A tail (coding strand) is referred to as poly(A) cassette.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the poly(A) cassette present in the coding strand of DNA essentially consists of dA nucleotides, but is interrupted by a random sequence of the four nucleotides (dA, dC, dG, and dT). Such random sequence may be 5 to 50, 10 to 30, or 10 to 20 nucleotides in length. Such a cassette is disclosed in WO 2016/005324 A1, hereby incorporated by reference. Any poly(A) cassette disclosed in WO 2016/005324 A1 may be used in the present invention. A poly(A) cassette that essentially consists of dA nucleotides, but is interrupted by a random sequence having an equal distribution of the four nucleotides (dA, dC, dG, dT) and having a length of e.g. 5 to 50 nucleotides shows, on DNA level, constant propagation of plasmid DNA in E. coli and is still associated, on RNA level, with the beneficial properties with respect to supporting RNA stability and translational efficiency. Consequently, in one embodiment of the present invention, the poly-A tail contained in an RNA molecule described herein essentially consists of A nucleotides, but is interrupted by a random sequence of the four nucleotides (A, C, G, U). Such random sequence may be 5 to 50, 10 to 30, or 10 to 20 nucleotides in length.

In one embodiment of the invention, no nucleotides other than A nucleotides flank a poly-A tail at its 3′ end, i.e., the poly-A tail is not masked or followed at its 3′ end by a nucleotide other than A.

In some embodiments, a poly-A tail comprises the sequence: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAUAUGACUAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAA (SEQ ID NO: 78), which is also shown in Table 2 following the 3′ UTR sequence.

“RNA” and “mRNA” are used interchangeably herein.

“IFNα” is used generically herein to describe any interferon alpha Type I cytokine, including IFNα2b and IFNα4. In the experiments described in the Example section, human IFNα2b and mouse IFNα4 were utilized. Any IFNα may be incorporated into the compositions and used in the methods described herein.

The term “treatment,” as used herein, covers any administration or application of a therapeutic for disease in a subject, and includes inhibiting the disease, arresting its development, relieving one or more symptoms of the disease, curing the disease, or preventing reoccurrence of the disease. For example, treatment of a solid tumor may comprise alleviating symptoms of the solid tumor, decreasing the size of the solid tumor, eliminating the solid tumor, reducing further growth of the tumor, or reducing or eliminating recurrence of a solid tumor after treatment. Treatment may also be measured as a change in a biomarker of effectiveness or in an imaging or radiographic measure.

The term “prevention,” as used herein, means inhibiting or arresting development of cancer, including solid tumors, in a subject deemed to be cancer free.

“Metastasis” means the process by which cancer spreads from the place at which it first arose as a primary tumor to other locations in the body.

The term “intra-tumorally,” as used herein, means into the tumor. For example, intra-tumoral injection means injecting the therapeutic at any location that touches the tumor.

The term “peri-tumorally,” or “peri-tumoral,” as used herein, is an area that is about 2-mm wide and is adjacent to the invasive front of the tumor periphery. The peri-tumoral area comprises host tissue. See, for example, FIG. 36.

“Administering” means providing a pharmaceutical agent or composition to a subject, and includes, but is not limited to, administering by a medical professional and self-administering.

The disclosure describes nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences having a certain degree of identity to a given nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence, respectively (a reference sequence).

“Sequence identity” between two nucleic acid sequences indicates the percentage of nucleotides that are identical between the sequences. “Sequence identity” between two amino acid sequences indicates the percentage of amino acids that are identical between the sequences.

The terms “% identical”, “% identity” or similar terms are intended to refer, in particular, to the percentage of nucleotides or amino acids which are identical in an optimal alignment between the sequences to be compared. Said percentage is purely statistical, and the differences between the two sequences may be but are not necessarily randomly distributed over the entire length of the sequences to be compared. Comparisons of two sequences are usually carried out by comparing said sequences, after optimal alignment, with respect to a segment or “window of comparison”, in order to identify local regions of corresponding sequences. The optimal alignment for a comparison may be carried out manually or with the aid of the local homology algorithm by Smith and Waterman, 1981, Ads App. Math. 2, 482, with the aid of the local homology algorithm by Neddleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48, 443, with the aid of the similarity search algorithm by Pearson and Lipman, 1988, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2444, or with the aid of computer programs using said algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, BLAST P, BLAST N and TFASTA in Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis.).

Percentage identity is obtained by determining the number of identical positions at which the sequences to be compared correspond, dividing this number by the number of positions compared (e.g., the number of positions in the reference sequence) and multiplying this result by 100.

In some embodiments, the degree of identity is given for a region which is at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90% or about 100% of the entire length of the reference sequence. For example, if the reference nucleic acid sequence consists of 200 nucleotides, the degree of identity is given for at least about 100, at least about 120, at least about 140, at least about 160, at least about 180, or about 200 nucleotides, in some embodiments in continuous nucleotides. In some embodiments, the degree of identity is given for the entire length of the reference sequence.

Nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences having a particular degree of identity to a given nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence, respectively, may have at least one functional property of said given sequence, e.g., and in some instances, are functionally equivalent to said given sequence. One important property includes the ability to act as a cytokine, in particular when administered to a subject. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence having a particular degree of identity to a given nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence is functionally equivalent to said given sequence.

II. Compositions and Medical Preparations

A. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence encoding interleukin-2 (IL-2) (SEQ ID NO: 9). In some embodiments, the DNA sequence encoding IL-2 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 10.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding IL-2. In some embodiments, the codon-optimized DNA sequence comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 11. In some embodiments, the DNA sequence comprises a codon-optimized DNA sequence with 83%, 84%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11.

The alignment of codon optimized IL-2 to native IL-2 is shown below, where the “Q” is native IL-2 (NM_000586.3; SEQ ID NO: 10) and the “S” is codon optimized IL-2 (SEQ ID NO: 11). The percent identity is 82.79%.

Q:   1 ATGTACAGGATGCAACTCCTGTCTTGCATTGCACTAAGTCTTGCACTTGTCACAAACAGT  60 |||||||| ||||| || |||||||||||||| ||   |||||| ||||| |||||   | S:   1 ATGTACAGAATGCAGCTGCTGTCTTGCATTGCTCTTTCTCTTGCTCTTGTGACAAATTCT  60 Q:  61 GCACCTACTTCAAGTTCTACAAAGAAAACACAGCTACAACTGGAGCATTTACTGCTGGAT 120 || || || ||   ||| ||||||||||||||||| || || || ||  | || || ||| S:  61 GCTCCAACATCTTCTTCAACAAAGAAAACACAGCTTCAGCTTGAACACCTTCTTCTTGAT 120 Q: 121 TTACAGATGATTTTGAATGGAATTAATAATTACAAGAATCCCAAACTCACCAGGATGCTC 180  | ||||||||| |||||||||| || |||||||| ||||| ||||| || || ||||| S: 121 CTTCAGATGATTCTGAATGGAATCAACAATTACAAAAATCCAAAACTGACAAGAATGCTG 180 Q: 181 ACATTTAAGTTTTACATGCCCAAGAAGGCCACAGAACTGAAACATCTTCAGTGTCTAGAA 240 |||||||| ||||||||||| ||||| || |||||||||||||| |||||||| || ||| S: 181 ACATTTAAATTTTACATGCCAAAGAAAGCAACAGAACTGAAACACCTTCAGTGCCTTGAA 240 Q: 241 GAAGAACTCAAACCTCTGGAGGAAGTGCTAAATTTAGCTCAAAGCAAAAACTTTCACTTA 300 |||||||| ||||||||||| |||||||| ||| | ||||| |||||||| |||||| | S: 241 GAAGAACTCAAACCTCTGGAGGAAGTGCTAAATTTAGCTCAAAGCAAAAACTTTCACTTA 300 Q: 301 AGACCCAGGGACTTAATCAGCAATATCAACGTAATAGTTCTGGAACTAAAGGGATCTGAA 360 ||||| || ||  | |||||||| ||||| || || || |||||||| || ||||||||| S: 301 AGACCAAGAGATCTGATCAGCAACATCAATGTGATTGTGCTGGAACTGAAAGGATCTGAA 360 Q: 361 ACAACATTCATGTGTGAATATGCTGATGAGACAGCAACCATTGTAGAATTTCTGAACAGA 420 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||| ||||| ||||||||||||||| S: 361 ACAACATTCATGTGTGAATATGCTGATGAAACAGCAACAATTGTGGAATTTCTGAACAGA 420 Q: 421 TGGATTACCTTTTGTCAAAGCATCATCTCAACACTGACT 459 ||||| || ||||| ||    ||||| ||||||||||| S: 421 TGGATCACATTTTGCCAGTCAATCATTTCAACACTGACA 459

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence transcribed from a DNA sequence encoding IL-2. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence is transcribed from a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises or consists of an RNA sequence with 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13.

In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-2 RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

In some embodiments, the IL-2 RNA comprises an altered nucleotide at the 5′ end. In some embodiments, the IL-2 RNA comprises a 5′ cap. Any 5′ cap known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage including thiophosphate modification. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 2′-O or 3′-O-ribose-methylated nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a modified guanosine nucleotide or modified adenosine nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises 7-methylguanylate. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap is Cap0 or Cap1. Exemplary cap structures include m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G, m7,2′ O-mG(5′)ppsp(5′)G, m7G(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mG, and m7,3′ O-mG(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mA.

In some embodiments, the IL-2 RNA comprises a 5′ untranslated region (UTR). In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is upstream of the initiation codon. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR regulates translation of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is a stabilizing sequence. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR increases the half-life of RNA. Any 5′ UTR known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6.

In some embodiments, the IL-2 RNA comprises a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR follows the translation termination codon. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR regulates polyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, or stability of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, the IL-2 composition comprises both a 5′ UTR and a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the composition comprises only a 5′ UTR. In some embodiments, the composition comprises only a 3′ UTR.

In some embodiments, the IL-2 RNA comprises a poly-A tail. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a poly-A tail of at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 50, at least about 70, or at least about 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises 200 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 78.

In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a nucleic acid encoding IL-2, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail, in that order.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 10 or 11 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence, that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 10 or 11 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-2 RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 10 or 11 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 10 or 11 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-2 RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 10 or 11; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 10 or 11; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced.

In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-2 RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 12 or 13; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-2 RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

B. Interleukin-12 Single-Chain (IL-12sc)

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence encoding interleukin-12 single-chain (IL-12sc) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 14), which comprises IL-12 p40 (sometimes referred to as IL-12B), a linker, such as a GS linker, and IL-12 p35 (sometimes referred to as IL-12A). In some embodiments, the IL-12p40, linker, and IL-12p35 are consecutive with no intervening nucleotides. An exemplary DNA sequence encoding IL-12sc is provided in SEQ ID NO: 15.

The alignment of codon optimized IL-12 p40 to native IL-12 p40 is shown below, where the “S” is native IL-12 p40 (NM_002187.2; nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 15) and the “Q” is codon optimized IL-12 p40 (nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16). The percent identity is 77%.

Q:   1 ATGTGTCACCAGCAGCTGGTGATCTCATGGTTCTCCCTGGTATTTCTGGCATCTCCTCTT  60 ||||||||||||||| |||| ||||| ||||| |||||||| |||||||||||||| ||| S:   1 ATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTTTTTCTGGCATCTCCCCTC  60 Q:  61 GTCGCAATCTGGGAACTGAAGAAAGACGTGTATGTCGTTGAGCTCGACTGGTATCCGGAT 120 || || || ||||||||||||||||| || |||||||| ||  | || |||||||||||| S:  61 GTGGCCATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAGAATTGGATTGGTATCCGGAT 120 Q: 121 GCGCCTGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTGACCTGTGACACCCCAGAGGAGGATGGGATCACTTGG 180 || ||||| || |||||||| || |||||||||||||| || || ||||| ||||| ||| S: 121 GCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGTGACACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGG 180 Q: 181 ACCCTTGATCAATCCTCCGAAGTGCTCGGGTCTGGCAAGACTCTGACCATACAAGTGAAA 240 ||| | || ||   |   || ||  | || |||||||| || |||||||| ||||| ||| S: 181 ACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGAGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAAACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAA 246 Q: 241 GAGTTTGGCGATGCCGGGCAGTACACTTGCCATAAGGGCGGAGAAGTTCTGTCCCACTCA 300 |||||||| ||||| || |||||||| || || || || || || |||||   ||| || S: 241 GAGTTTGGAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCG 300 Q: 301 CTGCTGCTGCTGCACAAGAAAGAGGACGGAATTTGGAGTACCGATATCCTGAAAGATCAG 360 || |||||||| ||||| || || || |||||||||   || |||||  | || || ||| S: 301 CTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAAAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAAAGGACCAG 360 Q: 361 AAAGAGCCCAAGAACAAAACCTTCTTGCGGTGCGAAGCCAAGAACTACTCAGGGAGATTT 420 ||||| ||||| || || |||||  |  | ||||| |||||||| || || ||  | || S: 361 AAAGAACCCAAAAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTC 420 Q: 421 ACTTGTTGGTGGCTGACGACGATCAGCACCGATCTGACTTTCTCCGTGAAATCAAGTAGG 480 || || |||||||||||||| ||||| || ||| |||| |||   || |||   || || S: 421 ACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAAAGCAGCAGA 480 Q: 481 GGATCATCTGACCCTCAAGGAGTCACATGTGGAGCGGCTACTCTGAGCGCTGAACGCGTA 540 || || |||||||| ||||| || || || ||||| ||||| ||    || ||  | || S: 481 GGCTCTTCTGACCCCCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTC 540 Q: 541 AGAGGGGACAATAAGGAGTACGAGTATAGCGTTGAGTGCCAAGAGGATAGCGCATGCCCC 690 ||||||||||| |||||||| |||||    || |||||||| ||||| || || ||||| S: 541 AGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCA 690 Q: 601 GCCGCCGA--AGAATCATTGCCCATTGAAGTGATGGTGGATGCTGTACACAAGCTGAAGT 658 || || ||  ||| || | ||||||||| || ||||||||||| || |||||||| |||| S: 601 GCTGCTGAGGAGAGTC-T-GCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGT 858 Q: 659 ATGAGAACTACACAAGCTCCTTCTTCATCCGTGACATCATCAAACCAGATCCTCCTAAGA 718 |||| |||||||| |||  |||||||||| | |||||||||||||| || || || |||| S: 659 ATGAAAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGA 718 Q: 719 ACCTCCAGCTTAAACCTCTGAAGAACTCTAGACAGGTGGAAGTGTCTTGGGAGTATCCCG 778 || | ||||| || ||  | ||||| ||| | |||||||| ||    |||||||| || | S: 719 ACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTG 778 Q: 779 ACACCTGGTCTACACCACATTCCTACTTCAGTCTCACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTACAGGGCA 838 ||||||||  ||| |||||||||||||||   || ||||||||||||||||| ||||||| S: 779 ACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCA 838 Q: 839 AGTCCAAAAGGGAGAAGAAGGATCGGGTCTTTACAGATAAAACAAGTGCCACCGTTATAT 898 ||  ||| || || ||||| ||| | ||||| || || || ||    ||||| || || | S: 839 AGAGCAAGAGAGAAAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCT 898 Q: 899 GCCGGAAGAATGCCTCTATTTCTGTGCGTGCGCAGGACAGATACTATAGCAGCTCTTGGA 958 |||| || ||||||   |||   ||||| || |||||| | |||||||||   ||||||| S: 899 GCCGCAAAAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGA 958 Q 959 GTGAATGGGC--CAGTGTCCCATGTTCA 984 | ||||||||  | ||| ||| ||  || S: 959 GCGAATGGGCATCTGTG-CCC-TG--CA 982

The alignment of codon optimized IL-12 p35 to native IL-12 p35 is shown below, where the “S” is native IL-12 p35 (NM_00882.3; nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 15) and the “Q” is codon optimized IL-12 p35 (nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16). The percent identity is 80%.

Q:   1 AGAAATCTCCCTGTGGCTACACCTGATCCAGGCATGTTTCCCTGTTTGCACCATAGCCAA  60 ||||| ||||| ||||| || || || ||||| ||||| || ||  | |||||   |||| S:   1 AGAAACCTCCCCGTGGCCACTCCAGACCCAGGAATGTTCCCATGCCTTCACCACTCCCAA  60 Q:  61 AACCTCCTGAGAGCAGTCAGCAACATGCTCCAGAAAGCTAGACAAACACTGGAATTCTAC 120 ||||| ||||| || |||||||||||||||||||| || |||||||| || ||||| ||| S:  61 AACCTGCTGAGGGCCGTCAGCAACATGCTCCAGAAGGCCAGACAAACTCTAGAATTTTAC 120 Q: 121 CCATGCACCTCCGAGGAAATAGATCACGAGGATATCACTAAGGACAAAACAAGCACTGTC 180 || ||||| || || || || ||||| || |||||||| || || ||||| ||||| || S: 121 CCTTGCACTTCTGAAGAGATTGATCATGAAGATATCACAAAAGATAAAACCAGCACAGTG 180 Q. 181 GAAGCATGCCTTCCCTTGGAACTGACAAAGAACGAGAGTTGCCTTAATTCAAGAGAAACA 240 || || ||  | || |||||| | || ||||| ||||||||||| ||||| ||||| || S: 181 GAGGCCTGTTTACCATTGGAATTAACCAAGAATGAGAGTTGCCTAAATTCCAGAGAGACC 240 Q: 241 TCTTTCATTACAAACGGTAGCTGCTTGGCAAGCAGAAAAACATCTTTTATGATGGCCCTT 300 |||||||| || || || || ||| ||||   |||||| || ||||||||||||||||| S 241 TCTTTCATAACTAATGGGAGTTGCCTGGCCTCCAGAAAGACCTCTTTTATGATGGCCCTG 300 Q: 301 TGTCTGAGCAGTATTTATGAGGATCTCAAAATGTACCAGGTGGAGTTTAAGACCATGAAT 360 || || || || |||||||| ||  | || ||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||| S: 301 TGCCTTAGTAGTATTTATGAAGACTTGAAGATGTACCAGGTGGAGTTCAAGACCATGAAT 360 Q: 361 GCCAAGCTGCTGATGGACCCAAAGAGACAGATTTTCCTCGATCAGAATATGCTGGCTGTG 420 || ||||| |||||||| || ||||| ||||| || || ||||| || |||||||| || S: 361 GCAAAGCTTCTGATGGATCCTAAGAGGCAGATCTTTCTAGATCAAAACATGCTGGCAGTT 420 Q: 421 ATTGATGAACTGATGCAGGCCTTGAATTTCAACAGCGAAACCGTTCCCCAGAAAAGCAGT 480 |||||||| |||||||||||| ||||||||||||| || || || || || |||  | S: 421 ATTGATGAGCTGATGCAGGCCCTGAATTTCAACAGTGAGACTGTGCCACAAAAATCCTCC 480 Q: 481 CTTGAAGAACCTGACTTTTATAAGACCAAGATCAAACTGTGTATTCTCCTGCATGCCTTT 540 ||||||||||| || |||||||| || || ||||| || || || || || ||||| || S: 401 CTTGAAGAACCGGATTTTTATAAAACTAAAATCAAGCTCTGCATACTTCTTCATGCTTTC 540 Q: 541 AGAATCAGAGCAGTCACTATAGATAGAGTGATGTCCTACCTGAATGCTTCC 591 |||||  | ||||| ||||| ||||||||||||  ||| |||||||||||| S: 541 AGAATTCGGGCAGTGACTATTGATAGAGTGATGAGCTATCTGAATGCTTCC 591

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding IL-12sc. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding IL-12 p40. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding IL-12 p35. In some embodiments, the codon-optimized DNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the DNA sequence comprises a codon-optimized DNA sequence with 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding IL-12 p40 comprises the nucleotides encoding the IL-12sc-p40 (nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16). In some embodiments, the codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding IL-12 p35 comprises the nucleotides encoding the IL-12sc-p35 (nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16). In some embodiments, the codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding IL-12sc comprises the nucleotides encoding the IL-12sc-p40 (nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16) and -p35 (nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16) portions of SEQ ID NO: 16 and further comprises nucleotides between the p40 and p35 portions (e.g., nucleotides 985-1026 of SEQ ID NO: 16) encoding a linker polypeptide connecting the p40 and p35 portions. Any linker known to those of skill in the art may be used. The p40 portion may be 5′ or 3′ to the p35 portion.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence encoding IL-12sc. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence is transcribed from a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 15 or 16. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises or consists of an RNA sequence with 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises the nucleotides encoding the IL-12sc-p40 (nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18) and -p35 (nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18) portions of SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18. In some embodiments, the codon-optimized RNA sequence encoding IL-12sc comprises the nucleotides encoding the IL-12sc-p40 (nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 18) and -p35 (nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 18) portions of SEQ ID NO: 18 and further comprises nucleotides between the p40 and p35 portions encoding a linker polypeptide connecting the p40 and p35 portions. Any linker known to those of skill in the art may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-12sc RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the IL-12sc RNA comprises an altered nucleotide at the 5′ end. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a 5′ cap. Any 5′ cap known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage including thiophosphate modification. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 2′-O or 3′-O-ribose-methylated nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a modified guanosine nucleotide or modified adenosine nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises 7-methylguanylate. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap is Cap0 or Cap1. Exemplary cap structures include m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G, m7,2′ O-mG(5′)ppsp(5′)G, m7G(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mG, and m7,3′ O-mG(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mA.

In some embodiments, the IL-12sc RNA comprises a 5′ untranslated region (UTR). In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is upstream of the initiation codon. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR regulates translation of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is a stabilizing sequence. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR increases the half-life of RNA. Any 5′ UTR known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6.

In some embodiments, the IL-12sc RNA comprises a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR follows the translation termination codon. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR regulates polyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, or stability of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, the IL-12sc composition comprises both a 5′ UTR and a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the IL-12sc composition comprises only a 5′ UTR. In some embodiments, the IL-12sc composition comprises only a 3′ UTR.

In some embodiments, the IL-12sc RNA comprises a poly-A tail. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a poly-A tail of at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 50 nucleotides, at least about 70 nucleotides, or at least about 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises 200 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 78.

In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a nucleic acid encoding IL-12sc, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail, in that order.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 15 or 16 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 15 or 16 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-12sc RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 15 or 16 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 15 or 16 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-12sc RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 15 or 16; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 15 or 16; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-12sc RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 17 or 18; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-12sc RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

C. Interferon Alpha (IFNα)

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence encoding interferon alpha (IFNα) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 19). An exemplary DNA sequence encoding this IFNα is provided in SEQ ID NO: 20.

The alignment of codon optimized IFNα to native IFNα is shown below, where the “S” is native IFNα (NM_000605.3; SEQ ID NO: 20) and the “Q” is codon optimized IFNα (SEQ ID NO: 21). The percent identity is 79%.

Q   1 ATGGCCCTGACTTTTGCCCTTCTCGTGGCTTTGTTGGTGCTGAGTTGCAAATCTTCCTGT  60 |||||| |||| |||||  | || |||||  |  ||||||| || ||||| ||   ||| S:   1 ATGGCCTTGACCTTTGCTTTACTGGTGGCCCTCCTGGTGCTCAGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGC  60 Q:  61 AGTGTCGGATGTGATCTGCCTCAAACCCACAGTCTGGG-ATCTAGGAGAACACTGATGCT 119   ||| || ||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||| | | ||||| ||  ||||||| S:  61 TCTGTGGGCTGTGATCTGCCTCAAACCCACAGCCTGGGTAGC-AGGAGGACCTTGATGCT 119 Q: 120 GTTGGCACAGATGAGGAGAAT-TAGC-CTCTTTTCCTGCCTGAAGGATAGACATGACTTC 177   ||||||||||||||||||| |  | || || |||||| ||||||| ||||||||||| S: 120 CCTGGCACAGATGAGGAGAATCT--CTCTTTTCTCCTGCTTGAAGGACAGACATGACTTT 177 Q: 178 GGCTTTCCCCAAGAGGAGTTTGGCAATCAGTTCCAGAAAGCGGAAACGATTCCCGTTCTG 237 || |||||||| |||||||||||||| |||||||| || || ||||| || || || || S: 178 GGATTTCCCCAGGAGGAGTTTGGCAACCAGYYCCAAAAGGCTGAAACCATCCCTGTCCTC 237 Q: 238 CACGAGATGATCCAGCAGATCTTCAACCTCTTTTCAAC-CAAAG-ACAGCTCAGCAGCCT 295 || ||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||  || | ||||| ||   || || || | S: 238 CATGAGATGATCCAGCAGATCTTCAATCTCTT--CAGCACAAAGGACTCATCTGCTGCTT 295 Q: 296 GGGATGAGACACTGCTGGACAAATTCTACACAGAACTGTATCAGCAGCTTAACGATCTGG 355 |||||||||| || || |||||||||||||| ||||| || |||||||| || || |||| S: 296 GGGATGAGACCCTCCTAGACAAATTCTACACTGAACTCTACCAGCAGCTGAATGACCTGG 355 Q 356 AGGCATGCGTGATCCAAGGGGTTGGTGTGACTGAAACTCCGCTTATGAAGGAGGACTCCA 415 | || || ||||| || ||||| || ||||| || ||||| || |||||||||||||||| S: 356 AAGCCTGTGTGATACAGGGGGTGGGGGTGACAGAGACTCCCCTGATGAAGGAGGACTCCA 415 Q: 416 TTCTGGCTGTACGGAAGTACTTCCAGAGAATAACCCTCTATCTGAAGGAGAAGAAGTACT 475 ||||||||||  |||| |||||||| ||||| || ||||||||||| |||||||| ||| S: 416 TTCTGGCTGTGAGGAAATACTTCCAAAGAATCACTCTCTATCTGAAAGAGAAGAAATACA 475 Q: 476 CACCATGTGCTTGGGAAGTCGTGAGAGCCGAAATCATGAGATCCTTCAGCCTTAG-CACC 534   || ||||| ||||| || || ||||| |||||||||||||| ||   | || | || | S: 476 GCCCTTGTGCCTGGGAGGTTGTCAGAGCAGAAATCATGAGATC-TTTTTC-TTTGTCAAC 533 Q: 535 AATC-TCCAGGAATCTCTGAGAAGCAAAGAG 564 || | | || |||  | | ||||| || || S: 534 AAACTTGCAAGAAAGTTTAAGAAGTAAGGAA 564

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding IFNα. In some embodiments, the codon-optimized DNA sequence comprises or consists of the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the DNA sequence comprises or consists of a codon-optimized DNA sequence with 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 21.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence encoding IFNα. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence is transcribed from a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 20 or 21. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises or consists of an RNA sequence with 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23.

In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, each uridine in the RNA is modified. In some embodiments, each uridine in the RNA is modified with N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the IFNα RNA comprises an altered nucleotide at the 5′ end. In some embodiments, the IFNα RNA comprises a 5′ cap. Any 5′ cap known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage including thiophosphate modification. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 2′-O or 3″-O-ribose-methylated nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a modified guanosine nucleotide or modified adenosine nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises 7-methylguanylate. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap is Cap0 or Cap1. Exemplary cap structures include m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G, m7,2′ O-mG(5′)ppsp(5′)G, m7G(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mG and m7,3′ O-mG(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mA.

In some embodiments, the IFNα RNA comprises a 5′ untranslated region (UTR). In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is upstream of the initiation codon. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR regulates translation of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is a stabilizing sequence. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR increases the half-life of RNA. Any 5′ UTR known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6.

In some embodiments, the IFNα RNA comprises a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR follows the translation termination codon. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR regulates polyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, or stability of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, the IFNα composition comprises both a 5′ UTR and a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the composition comprises only a 5′ UTR. In some embodiments, the composition comprises only a 3′ UTR.

In some embodiments, the IFNα RNA comprises a poly-A tail. In some embodiments, the IFNα RNA comprises a poly-A tail of at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 50 nucleotides, at least about 70 nucleotides, or at least about 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises 200 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 78.

In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a nucleic acid encoding IFNα, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail, in that order.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 20 or 21 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 20 or 21 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 20 or 21 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 20 or 21 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 20 or 21; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 20 or 21; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ). In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 22 or 23; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

D. IL-15 Sushi

As used herein, the term “IL-15 sushi” describes a construct comprising the soluble interleukin 15 (IL-15) receptor alpha sushi domain and mature interleukin alpha (IL-15) as a fusion protein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence encoding IL-15 sushi (SEQ ID NO: 24), which comprises the soluble IL-15 receptor alpha chain (sushi) followed by a glycine-serine (GS) linker followed by the mature sequence of IL-15. The DNA sequence encoding this IL-15 sushi is provided in SEQ ID NO: 25.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence encoding IL-15 sushi. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence is transcribed from a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the nucleotides encoding the linker may be completely absent or replaced in part or in whole with any nucleotides encoding a suitable linker. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises an RNA sequence with 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the DNA or RNA sequence encoding IL-15 sushi comprises the nucleotides encoding the sushi domain of IL-15 receptor alpha (e.g., nucleotide 1-321 of SEQ ID NOs: 25 or 26) and mature IL-15 (e.g., nucleotide 382-729 of SEQ ID NO: 25 or 26). In some embodiments, the DNA or RNA sequence encoding IL-15 sushi comprises the nucleotides encoding the sushi domain of IL-15 receptor alpha (e.g., nucleotide 1-321 of SEQ ID NOs: 25 or 26) and mature IL-15 (e.g., nucleotide 382-729 of SEQ ID NOs: 25 or 26) and further comprises nucleotides between these portions encoding a linker polypeptide connecting the portions. In some embodiments, the linker comprises nucleotides 322-381 of SEQ ID Nos: 25 or 26. Any linker known to those of skill in the art may be used.

In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IL-15 sushi RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi RNA comprises an altered nucleotide at the 5′ end. In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi RNA comprises a 5′ cap. Any 5′ cap known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage including thiophosphate modification. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 2′-O or 3′-O-ribose-methylated nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a modified guanosine nucleotide or modified adenosine nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises 7-methylguanylate. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap is Cap0 or Cap1. Exemplary cap structures include m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G, m7,2′ O-mG(5′)ppsp(5′)G, m7G(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mG and m7,3′ O-mG(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mA.

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi RNA comprises a 5′ untranslated region (UTR). In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is upstream of the initiation codon. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR regulates translation of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is a stabilizing sequence. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR increases the half-life of RNA. Any 5′ UTR known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6.

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi RNA comprises a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR follows the translation termination codon. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR regulates polyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, or stability of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises both a 5′ UTR and a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises only a 5′ UTR. In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises only a 3′ UTR.

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi RNA comprises a poly-A tail. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a poly-A tail of at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 50 nucleotides, at least about 70 nucleotides, or at least about 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises 200 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 78.

In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a nucleic acid encoding IL-15 sushi, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail, in that order.

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5.

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the IL-15 sushi composition comprises an RNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the IFNα RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

E. Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA sequence encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 27). In some embodiments, the DNA sequence encoding GM-CSF is provided in SEQ ID NO: 28.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence encoding GM-CSF. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence is transcribed from SEQ ID NO: 28. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the RNA sequence comprises an RNA sequence with 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 29.

In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the GM-CSF RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ). In some embodiments, the GM-CSF RNA comprises an altered nucleotide at the 5′ end. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a 5′ cap. Any 5′ cap known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage including thiophosphate modification. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a 2′-O or 3″-O-ribose-methylated nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises a modified guanosine nucleotide or modified adenosine nucleotide. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises 7-methylguanylate. In some embodiments, the 5′ cap is Cap0 or Cap1. Exemplary cap structures include m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G, m7,2′ O-mG(5′)ppsp(5′)G, m7G(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mG and m7,3′ O-mG(5′)ppp(5′)2′ O-mA.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF RNA comprises a 5′ untranslated region (UTR). In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is upstream of the initiation codon. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR regulates translation of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR is a stabilizing sequence. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR increases the half-life of RNA. Any 5′ UTR known in the art may be used. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6. In some embodiments, the 5′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF RNA comprises a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR follows the translation termination codon. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR regulates polyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, or stability of the RNA. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is transcribed from SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTR RNA sequence is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF composition comprises both a 5′ UTR and a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the composition comprises only a 5′ UTR. In some embodiments, the composition comprises only a 3′ UTR.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF RNA comprises a poly-A tail. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a poly-A tail of at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 50 nucleotides, at least about 70 nucleotides, or at least about 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises 200 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly-A tail comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 78.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF RNA comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, nucleotides encoding GM-CSF, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail, in that order.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the GM-CSF RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the GM-CSF RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF composition comprises a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises an RNA sequence that is, for example, transcribed from a DNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, or 5; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. The RNA may also be recombinantly produced. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the GM-CSF RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of each uridine. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ).

In some embodiments, the GM-CSF composition comprises an RNA sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29; at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6; and at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the GM-CSF RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

F. Modifications

Each of the RNAs and compositions described herein may be modified in any way known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the modifications are “ModA” or “ModB” modified as described herein.

In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is a modified uridine.

In some embodiments, the modified uridine replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), or 5-methyl-uridine (m5U).

In some embodiments, one or more cytosine, adenine or guanine in the RNA is replaced by modified nucleobase(s). In one embodiment, the modified nucleobase replacing cytosine is 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C). In another embodiment, the modified nucleobase replacing adenine is N⁶-methyladenine (m⁶A). In another embodiment, any other modified nucleobase known in the art for reducing the immunogenicity of the molecule can be used.

The modified nucleoside replacing one or more uridine in the RNA may be any one or more of 3-methyl-uridine (m³U), 5-methoxy-uridine (mo⁵U), 5-aza-uridine, 6-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-uridine (s²U), 4-thio-uridine (s⁴U), 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxy-uridine (ho⁵U), 5-aminoallyl-uridine, 5-halo-uridine (e.g., 5-iodo-uridineor 5-bromo-uridine), uridine 5-oxyacetic acid (cmo⁵U), uridine 5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester (mcmo⁵U), 5-carboxymethyl-uridine (cm⁵U), 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-carboxyhydroxymethyl-uridine (chm⁵U), 5-carboxyhydroxymethyl-uridine methyl ester (mchm⁵U), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-uridine (mcm⁵U), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thio-uridine (mcm⁵s²U), 5-aminomethyl-2-thio-uridine (nm⁵s²U), 5-methylaminomethyl-uridine (mnm⁵U), 1-ethyl-pseudouridine, 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine (mnm⁵s²U), 5-methylaminomethyl-2-seleno-uridine (mnm⁵se²U), 5-carbamoylmethyl-uridine (ncm⁵U), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-uridine (cmnm⁵U), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine (cmnm⁵s²U), 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-uridine (τm⁵U), 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine (τm5s2U), 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-pseudouridine), 5-methyl-2-thio-uridine (m⁵s²U), 1-methyl-4-thio-pseudouridine (m¹s⁴ψ) 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 3-methyl-pseudouridine (m³ψ), 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine (D), dihydropseudouridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine, 5-methyl-dihydrouridine (m⁵D), 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxy-uridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, N1-methyl-pseudouridine, 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp³U), 1-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudouridine (acp³ψ), 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)uridine (inm⁵U), 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)-2-thio-uridine (inm⁵s²U), α-thio-uridine, 2′-O-methyl-uridine (Um), 5,2′-O-dimethyl-uridine (m⁵Um), 2′-O-methyl-pseudouridine (ψm), 2-thio-2′-O-methyl-uridine (s²Um), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2′-O-methyl-uridine (mcm⁵Um), 5-carbamoylmethyl-2′-O-methyl-uridine (ncm⁵Um), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2′-O-methyl-uridine (cmnm⁵Um), 3,2′-O-dimethyl-uridine (m³Um), 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)-2′-O-methyl-uridine (inm⁵Um), 1-thio-uridine, deoxythymidine, 2′-F-ara-uridine, 2′-F-uridine, 2′-OH-ara-uridine, 5-(2-carbomethoxyvinyl) uridine, 5-[3-(1-E-propenylamino)uridine, or any other modified uridine known in the art.

G. Combination Compositions

In some embodiments, the invention comprises a composition comprising more than one RNA as described herein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises two RNAs. In some embodiments, the composition comprises three RNAs. In some embodiments, the composition comprises four RNAs. In some embodiments, the composition comprises five RNAs. In some embodiments, any or all of the RNAs encoding IL-2, IL12sc, IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, or IFNα may be replaced by IL-2, IL12sc, IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, and/or IFNα polypeptides, e.g., in any of the compositions and formulations comprising these RNAs described herein.

In some embodiments, the modified or unmodified RNAs encoding IL-2, IL12sc, IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, and/or IFNα may be replaced by modified or unmodified polycistronic RNAs encoding two or more polypeptides selected from IL-2, IL12sc, IL15 sushi, GM-CSF and IFNα polypeptides, e.g., in any of the compositions and formulations comprising these RNAs described herein.

Any of the combination compositions may further comprise an excipient or diluent. The excipient or diluent may be pharmaceutically acceptable for administration to a subject.

In some embodiments, a combination composition comprises RNAs with the same modifications. In some embodiments, a combination composition comprises RNAs with different modifications. In some embodiments, a combination composition comprises RNAs with ModA modification. In some embodiments, a combination composition comprises RNAs with ModB modification. In some embodiments, a combination composition comprises RNAs with ModA and ModB modifications.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising DNA or RNA encoding IL-2 and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-12sc, IFNα, IL-15 sushi, and GM-CSF is encompassed. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA or RNA encoding IL-2 or codon-optimized IL-2 (SEQ ID NOs: 10-13) and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-12sc or optimized IL-12sc (SEQ ID Nos: 15-18), IFNα or optimized IFNα (SEQ ID Nos: 20-23), IL-15 sushi (SEQ ID NOs: 25-26), and GM-CSF (SEQ ID NOs: 28-29), as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, one or more of the RNAs in the composition further comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail as described herein in the composition section.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising DNA or RNA encoding IL-12sc and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-2, IFNα, IL-15 sushi, and GM-CSF is encompassed. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA or RNA encoding IL-12sc or codon-optimized IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 15-18) and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-2 or optimized IL-2 (SEQ ID NOs: 10-13), IFNα or optimized IFNα (SEQ ID NOs: 20-23), IL-15 sushi (SEQ ID NOs: 25-26), and GM-CSF (SEQ ID NOs: 28-29), as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U).

In some embodiments, one or more of the RNAs in the composition further comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail, as described herein in the composition section.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising DNA or RNA encoding IFNα and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-2, IL-12sc, IL-15 sushi, and GM-CSF is encompassed. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA or RNA encoding IFNα or codon-optimized IFNα (SEQ ID NOs: 20-23) and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-12sc or optimized IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 15-18), IL-2 or optimized IL-2 (SEQ ID NOs: 10-13), IL-15 sushi (SEQ ID NOs: 25-26), and GM-CSF (SEQ ID NOs: 28-29), as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, one or more of the RNAs in the composition further comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail as described herein in the composition section.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising DNA or RNA encoding IL-15 sushi and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-2, IL-12sc, IFNα, and GM-CSF is encompassed. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA or RNA encoding IL-15 sushi (SEQ ID NOs: 25-26) and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-12sc or optimized IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 15-18), IFNα or optimized IFNα (SEQ ID NOs: 20-23), IL-2 or optimized IL-2 (SEQ ID NOs: 10-13), and GM-CSF (SEQ ID NOs: 28-29), as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, one or more of the RNAs in the composition further comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail as described herein in the composition section.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising DNA or RNA encoding GM-CSF and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-2, IL-12sc, IFNα, and IL-15 sushi is encompassed. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a DNA or RNA encoding GM-CSF (SEQ ID NOs: 28-29) and one or more of a DNA or RNA encoding IL-12sc or optimized IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 15-18), IFNα or optimized IFNα (SEQ ID NOs: 20-23), IL-2 or optimized IL-2 (SEQ ID NOs: 10-13), and IL-15 sushi (SEQ ID NOs: 25-26), as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more uridine in the RNA is replaced by a modified nucleoside as described herein. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside replacing uridine is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ) or 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U). In some embodiments, one or more of the RNAs in the composition further comprises a 5′ cap, a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, and a poly-A tail as described herein in the composition section.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-12sc RNA. In some embodiments, the composition is modified, for example, as ModA or ModB. In some embodiments, the IL-12sc RNA is optimized as shown in SEQ ID NO: 18.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises GM-CSF, IL-15 sushi, and IL-12sc RNA. In some embodiments, the composition is modified, for example, as ModA or ModB. In some embodiments, the IL-12sc RNA is optimized as shown in SEQ ID NO: 18.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc, and IFNα RNA. In some embodiments, the composition is modified, for example, as ModA or ModB. In some embodiments, the IL-12sc RNA and IFNα RNA is optimized as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 23, respectively.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises GM-CSF, IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, and IFNα RNA. In some embodiments, the composition is modified, for example, as ModA or ModB. In some embodiments, the IL-12sc RNA and IFNα RNA is optimized as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 23, respectively.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises GM-CSF, IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, and IFNα RNA, wherein the RNAs comprise or consist of the nucleotides shown in SEQ ID Nos: 18 (IL-12sc), 23 (IFNα), 26 (IL-15 sushi), or 29 (GM-CSF). In some embodiments, the composition is modified, for example, as ModA or ModB.

In some embodiments, combinations of RNA are administered as a 1:1, 1:1:1, or 1:1:1:1 ratio based on equal RNA mass. For example, 20 μg of IL15-sushi, 20 μg of IL-12sc, 20 μg of IFNα2b and 20 μg GM-CSF. In some embodiments, the ratio is adjusted so that different ratios by mass are administered, for example, 1:10:1:10 ratio (20 μg, 200 μg, 20 μg, 200 μg). Likewise, in some embodiments, for example, a ratio of 1:2:3:4 (20 μg, 40 μg, 60 μg, 80 μg) is used. Alternatively, rather than basing the ratio on the mass of the RNA, the ratio may be based on the molarity of the RNA.

In some embodiments, a mixture of RNAs is administered with an equal ratio of each RNA of the mixture.

In some embodiments, a mixture of RNAs is administered with an unequal ratio of each RNA of the mixture. In some embodiments, one or more RNAs are administered at a ratio that is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times greater than another RNA in the mixture. In some embodiments, one or more RNAs are administered at a ratio that is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times less than another RNA in the mixture.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein may be a medical preparation. In some embodiments, the medical preparation comprises a kit, wherein the included RNAs may be in the same or separate vials. In some embodiments, the medical preparation further comprising instructions for use of the composition for treating or preventing a solid tumor.

In some embodiments, a kit comprising the compositions described herein is provided, wherein the included RNAs may be in the same or separate vials. In some embodiments, the kit further comprising instructions for use of the composition for treating or preventing a solid tumor.

H. Effect of IFNα Addition to Modified mRNA Treatment

RNA can activate the immune system through stimulating various pattern recognition receptors (PRR) leading to production of Type I interferons (like IFNα). The incorporation of various modified nucleotides, or other alterations like reducing the amount of dsRNA administered, can reduce the immune stimulatory effects of RNA. Unexpectedly, as described in the Examples, inclusion of nucleotide-modified and dsRNA-reduced mRNA encoding interferon alpha improved anti-tumor activity relative to that of mRNA that was not nucleotide modified and dsRNA-reduced. The addition of mRNA encoding interferon alpha restored a portion of the immune stimulatory effects removed by the inclusion of modified nucleotides and the dsRNA purification.

In some embodiments, RNA encoding IFN (in any form or subtype) is provided, wherein the IFN RNA is altered to have reduced immunogenicity compared to un-altered RNA. In certain embodiments, the administration of this IFN improves the anti-tumor response of non-IFN encoding RNA. In some embodiments, RNA encoding IFNα improves the anti-tumor response of other RNAs, so long as the other RNAs have been altered to reduce immunogenicity. In one embodiment, the alteration to reduce immunogenicity is a reduction in the amount of dsRNA. In some aspects, the alteration to reduce immunogenicity is the replacement of one or more uridines with a modified nucleoside. In some aspects, the alteration to reduce immunogenicity is both a reduction in the amount of dsRNA and the replacement of one or more uridines with modified nucleoside. In some embodiments, the IFN is IFNα.

In some embodiments, IFN RNA improves the anti-tumor response of modified RNAs. In some embodiments, IFN RNA improves the anti-tumor response of RNAs comprising modified nucleotides. In some embodiments, IFN RNA improves the anti-tumor response of mRNAs comprising pseudouridine. In some embodiments, IFN RNA improves the anti-tumor response of RNAs with ModB modifications.

In some embodiments, IFN RNA improves the anti-tumor response of RNAs of IL-2 (SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13), IL-12sc (SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18), IL-15 sushi (SEQ ID NO: 26) or GM-CSF (SEQ ID NO: 29). In some embodiments, the RNAs comprise ModB modifications.

In some embodiments, the IFN is IFNα.

In some embodiments, the IFN RNA construct is SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23.

III. Methods and Uses

Any of the RNAs, compositions, medical preparations and combination compositions described herein may be administered to a subject to treat cancer or a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that does not contain cysts or liquid areas. In some embodiments, the solid tumor may be benign or malignant. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a pre-cancerous lesion. In some embodiments, the solid tumor occurs in lung, colon, ovary, cervix, uterus, peritoneum, testicles, penis, tongue, lymph node, pancreas, bone, breast, prostate, soft tissue, connective tissue, kidney, liver, brain, thyroid, or skin.

In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a sarcoma, carcinoma, or lymphoma. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is an epithelial tumor, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, prostate tumor, ovarian tumor, renal cell tumor, gastrointestinal tract tumor, hepatic tumor, colorectal tumor, tumor with vasculature, mesothelioma tumor, pancreatic tumor, breast tumor, sarcoma tumor, lung tumor, colon tumor, brain tumor, melanoma tumor, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell lung tumor, neuroblastoma tumor, testicular tumor, carcinoma tumor, adenocarcinoma tumor, glioma tumor, seminoma tumor, retinoblastoma, or osteosarcoma tumor. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a precancerous lesion such as actinic keratosis.

In some embodiments, the RNA compositions may be delivered via injection into (e.g., intra-tumorally) or near (peri-tumorally) the tumor. In some embodiments, the RNA compositions may be delivered at or near the site of a tumor removal.

In some embodiments, the RNA compositions may be delivered via a topical solution, ointment, or cream.

In some embodiments, the RNA compositions may be delivered via a virus. In some embodiments, the RNA compositions may be delivered by infection with a virus encoding the RNA compositions, such as an oncolytic virus. In some embodiments, the RNA compositions may be delivered by an oncolytic virus.

In some embodiments, more than one administration is delivered. In some embodiments, a catheter is placed into or near the site of the tumor for multiple administrations. In some embodiments, a catheter is placed at the site of removal of a tumor for multiple administrations.

In some embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal such as a dog, cat, mouse, rat, rabbit, sheep, cattle, horse and pig.

In some embodiments, RNA compositions are combined with another therapy. In some embodiments, RNA compositions are combined with more than one other therapy. In some embodiments, RNA compositions are combined in a multi-modal therapy.

In some embodiments, the other therapy is surgery to excise, resect, or debulk the tumor. In some embodiments, therapeutic RNA compositions are administered during a surgery to excise, resect, or debulk the tumor.

In some embodiments, the other therapy is radiotherapy. In some embodiments, the radiotherapy is external beam radiation therapy or particle beam radiation. In some embodiments, the radiotherapy is brachytherapy involving temporary or permanent implantation of radioactive isotopes directly into the tumor via catheter or large bore needle. In some embodiments, the radioactive isotope is 137Cesium, 192Iridium, or radioactive iodine. In some embodiments, the radiotherapy is radioisotope preparations administered intravenously. In some embodiments, the radioisotope preparations are radioactive iodine (131I) Strontium (89Sr), or Samarium (153Sm).

In some embodiments, the other therapy is chemotherapy. In some embodiments, the chemotherapy is an alkylating agent, an antimetabolite, an anti-microtubule agent, a topoisomerase inhibitor, or a cytotoxic antibody.

In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises anti-invasion agents (e.g., metalloproteinase inhibitors like marimastat and inhibitors of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor function). In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises inhibitors of growth factor function (e.g., platelet derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor), growth factor antibodies, or growth factor receptor antibodies, (e.g., anti-erbb2 antibody trastuzumab [Herceptin™] and the anti-erbb1 antibody Cetuximab™). In some embodiments, the chemotherapy is a farnesyl transferase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the chemotherapy is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor such as inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor family (e.g., EGFR family tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib (Iressa™), erlotinib (Tarceva™), and Canertinib (CI 1033), or a serine/threonine kinase inhibitor).

In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises antiproliferative/antineoplastic drugs such as antimetabolites (e.g., antifolates like methotrexate, fluoropyrimidines like 5-fluorouracil, tegafur, purine and adenosine analogues, cytosine arabinoside); antitumour antibiotics (e.g., anthracyclines like adriamycin, bleomycin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, epirubicin and idarubicin, mitomycin-C, dactinomycin, mithramycin); platinum derivatives (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin); alkylating agents (e.g., nitrogen mustard, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulphan, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, nitrosoureas, thiotepa); antimitotic agents (e.g., vinca alkaloids like vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, and taxoids like taxol, taxotere); topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., epipodophyllotoxins like etoposide and teniposide, amsacrine, topotecan, camptothecin and also irinotecan); or thymidylate synthase inhibitors (e.g., raltitrexed).

In some embodiments, the chemotherapy is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). In some embodiments, the ADC is an antibody linked to a cytotoxic (anticancer) drug. In some embodiments, the ADC allows targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells. In some embodiments, the ADC allows preferential deliver of cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells versus normal tissue.

In some embodiments, the chemotherapy is combination chemotherapy with a combination of different agents. In some embodiments, the combination comprises different agents that have different mechanisms of action and/or different, non-overlapping toxicities.

In some embodiments, the other therapy is an immune stimulator or immunotherapy, such as, for example, a checkpoint modulator/inhibitor. Checkpoint modulators/inhibitors are well known in the art to prevent the host immune system from attacking itself, and include, for example, CTLA-4, PD1, PDL1, GITR, OX40, LAG-3, and TIM-3. In some embodiments, the immune stimulator, immunotherapy, or checkpoint modulator/inhibitor is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the monoclonal antibody is an antibody against PD1, PDL1, CTLA-4, LAG3, OX40, CD40, CD40L, 41BB, 41BBL, GITR, CD3, CD28, CD38, or TGFbeta. In some embodiments, the monoclonal antibody is a bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the immune stimulator is a cell-based immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the immune stimulator is a cytokine or chemokine. In some embodiments, the immune stimulator is a cancer vaccine. As a wide range of immune stimulators would be known to scientists and clinicians skilled in the art, the invention is not limited to a specific combination with a particular immune stimulator.

In some instances, any of the RNAs, RNA compositions, medical preparations, and RNA combination compositions described herein may be administered in combination with an immune stimulator, immunotherapy, or checkpoint modulator. In some instances, the RNAs, RNA compositions, and RNA combination compositions described herein are administered in combination with an antibody to a subject to treat cancer, including solid tumors. In some embodiments, the antibody is an anti-PD1 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, or a combination of an anti-PD1 antibody and anti-CTLA4 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a multi-specific antibody such as, for example, a tri-specific or bi-specific antibody.

In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 antibody is a chimeric, humanized or human antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is isolated and/or recombinant. Examples of anti-PD-1 antibodies are nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, MEDI0608 (formerly AMP-514; see, e.g., WO 2012/145493 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,205,148), PDR001 (see, e.g., WO 2015/112900), PF-06801591 (see, e.g., WO 2016/092419), BGB-A317 (see, e.g., WO 2015/035606).

In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is one of those disclosed in WO 2015/112800 (such as those referred to as H1M7789N, H1M7799N, H1M7800N, H2M7780N, H2M7788N, H2M7790N, H2M7791N, H2M7794N, H2M7795N, H2M7796N, H2M7798N, H4H9019P, H4xH9034P2, H4xH9035P2, H4xH9037P2, H4xH9045P2, H4xH9048P2, H4H9057P2, H4H9068P2, H4xH9119P2, H4xH9120P2, H4xH9128P2, H4xH9135P2, H4xH9145P2, H4xH8992P, H4xH8999P and H4xH9008P in Table 1 of the PCT publication, and those referred to as H4H7798N, H4H7795N2, H4H9008P and H4H9048P2 in Table 3 of the PCT publication). The disclosure of WO 2015/112800 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. For example, the antibodies disclosed in WO 2015/112800 and related antibodies, including antibodies and antigen-binding fragments having the CDRs, VH and VL sequences, or heavy and light chain sequences disclosed in that PCT publication, as well as antibodies and antigen-binding fragments binding to the same PD-1 epitope as the antibodies disclosed in that PCT publication, can be used in conjunction with the RNA compositions of the present invention to treat and/or prevent cancer.

In related embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody may comprise the heavy and light chain amino acid sequences shown below as SEQ ID NOs: 79 and 80, respectively; the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NOs: 87 and 88 (shown in italics), or one or more (e.g., all six) CDRs in SEQ ID NOs: 79 and 80 (shown in bold boxes). In some embodiments, an antibody comprising the following CDRs is encompassed:

(SEQ ID NO: 81) HCDR1 = GFTFSNFG (SEQ ID NO: 82) HCDR2 = ISGGGRDT (SEQ ID NO: 83) HCDR3 = VKWGNIYFDY (SEQ ID NO: 84) LCDR1 = LSINTF (SEQ ID NO: 85) LCDR2 = AAS (SEQ ID NO: 86) LCDR3 = QQSSNTPFT.

An exemplary antibody comprising a heavy chain comprising the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NOs: 87 and 88 (shown in italics) is the fully human anti-PD-1 antibody known as REGN2810 (cemiplimab).

Anti-PD-1 Mab heavy chain (SEQ ID NO: 79)

KGPSVFPLAP CSRSTSESTA ALGCLVKDYF PEPVTVSWNS GALTSGVHTF PAVLQSSGLY  SLSSVVTVPS SSLGTKTYTC NVDHKPSNTK VDKRVESKYG PPCPPCPAPE FLGGPSVFLF  PPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVV VDVSQEDPEV QFNWYVDGVE VHNAKTKPRE EQFNSTYRVV  SVLTVLHQDW LNGKEYKCKV SNKGLPSSIE KTISKAKGQP REPQVYTLPP SQEEMTKNQV  SLTCLVKGFY PSDIAVEWES NGQPENNYKT TPPVLDSDGS FFLYSRLTVD KSRWQEGNVF  SCSVMHEALH NHYTQKSLSL SLGK  (SEQ ID NO: 81) HCDR1 = GFTFSNFG (SEQ ID NO: 82) HCDR2 = ISGGGRDT  (SEQ ID NO: 83) HCDR3 = VKWGNIYFDY  Anti-PD-1 Mab light chain (SEQ ID NO: 80)

SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT  LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC (SEQ ID NO: 84) LCDR1 = LSINTF (SEQ ID NO: 85) LCDR2 = AAS (SEQ ID NO: 86) LCDR3 = QQ SSNTPFT

In some embodiments, the RNAs, RNA compositions, and RNA combination compositions may be delivered via injection into the tumor (e.g., intratumorally), near the tumor (peri-tumorally), or near the site of a tumor removal, and the antibody may be delivered in the same manner or systemically, such as, for example, enteral or parenteral, including, via injection, infusion, and implantation. “Administered in combination” includes simultaneous or sequential administration. If sequential, administration can be in any order and at any appropriate time interval known to those of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the other therapy is hormonal therapy. In some embodiments, the hormonal therapy is antiestrogen drugs for treatment of breast cancer or anti-androgen drugs for treating prostate cancer. Example agents include antiestrogens (e.g., tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene, iodoxyfene), estrogen receptor down regulators (e.g., fulvestrant), progestogens (e.g., megestrol acetate), aromatase inhibitors (e.g., anastrozole, letrazole, vorazole, exemestane), antiprogestogens, antiandrogens (e.g., flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate), LHRH agonists and antagonists (e.g., goserelin acetate, luprolide, buserelin), and inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase (e.g., finasteride).

In some embodiments, the other therapy is a targeted therapy. In some embodiments, the targeted therapy is a kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the targeted therapy is one that inhibits activity of a gene product of a proto-oncogene. In some embodiments, the targeted therapy is an anti-angiogenic agent. In some embodiments, the targeted therapy is one directed to modulate activity of VEGF, BCR-ABL, BRAF, EGFR, c-Met, MEK, ERK, mTOR, or ALK.

In some embodiments, the other therapy is stem cell transplantation.

In some embodiments, therapeutic RNA compositions are delivered at the same time as another therapy.

In some embodiments, therapeutic RNA compositions are delivered before another therapy.

In some embodiments, therapeutic RNA compositions are delivered after another therapy.

In some embodiments, therapeutic RNA compositions are delivered directly into the tumor, or near the tumor or the site of tumor removal together with another therapy. In some embodiments, therapeutic RNA compositions are delivered directly into the tumor, or near the tumor or site of tumor removal while another agent is delivered systemically.

IV. Pharmaceutical Formulations

In some embodiments, any of the DNAs, RNAs, and compositions described herein are pharmaceutical formulations. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations comprise a diluent, excipient, or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Thus, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the DNA, RNA, compositions, or combinations thereof provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is an aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution is a saline solution. As used herein, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are understood to be sterile. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is administered in the form of a dosage unit. For example, in certain embodiments, a dosage unit is in the form of a tablet, capsule, implantable device, or a bolus injection.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions. For example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents. The compositions may also contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-inactive materials such as excipients, diluents, and carriers.

Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Certain solvents suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions for injection include, but are not limited to, lipophilic solvents and fatty oils, such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, and liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, such suspensions may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the pharmaceutical agents to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.

Lipid moieties may be used to deliver the RNAs provided herein. In one method, the RNA is introduced into preformed liposomes or lipoplexes made of mixtures of cationic lipids and neutral lipids. In another method, RNA complexes with mono- or poly-cationic lipids are formed without the presence of a neutral lipid. In certain embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to a particular cell or tissue.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises a polyamine compound or a lipid moiety complexed with the DNA or RNA provided herein.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises a delivery system. Examples of delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions. Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds. In certain embodiments, certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.

Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises a RNA or combination of RNAs in a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is sufficient to treat or prevent cancer in the subject being treated.

The following clauses provide numerous embodiments and are non-limiting:

-   -   Clause 1. A composition comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc         protein, RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, RNA encoding an         IFNα protein, and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein.     -   Clause 2. The composition of clause 1, wherein the IFNα protein         is an IFNα2b protein.     -   Clause 3. The composition of clause 1, wherein (i) the RNA         encoding an IL-12sc protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18, or a nucleotide sequence having at least         99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the         nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18 and/or (ii) the         IL-12sc protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         14, or an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%,         96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 14.     -   Clause 4. The composition of clause 1, wherein (i) the RNA         encoding an IL-15 sushi protein comprises the nucleotide         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, or a nucleotide sequence having at         least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the         nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 and/or (ii) the IL-15 sushi         protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, or         an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 24.     -   Clause 5. The composition of clause 1, wherein (i) the RNA         encoding an IFNα protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23, or a nucleotide sequence having at least         99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the         nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23 and/or (ii) the IFNα         protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, or         an amino acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 19.     -   Clause 6. The composition of clause 1, wherein (i) the RNA         encoding a GM-CSF protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 29, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%,         98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and/or (ii) the GM-CSF protein         comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, or an amino         acid sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%,         or 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.     -   Clause 7. The composition of clause 1, wherein at least one RNA         comprises a modified nucleoside in place of at least one         uridine, wherein the modified nucleoside is pseudouridine (ψ),         N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), 5-methyl-uridine (m5U), or a         combination thereof.     -   Clause 8. The composition of clause 1, wherein each RNA         comprises a modified nucleoside in place of at least one         uridine, wherein the modified nucleoside is pseudouridine (ψ),         N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), 5-methyl-uridine (m5U), or a         combination thereof     -   Clause 9. The composition of clause 1, wherein at least one RNA         comprises the 5′ cap) m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG, or         3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G, or m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m1^(2′-O))ApG, or         3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.     -   Clause 10. The composition of clause 1, wherein at least one RNA         comprises a 5′ UTR comprising (i) a nucleotide sequence selected         from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6, or (ii) a         nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, 85%, or 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from         the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6 and/or a 3′ UTR         comprising (i) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or (ii)         a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,         90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 8.     -   Clause 11. The composition of clause 1, wherein at least one RNA         comprises a poly-A tail of at least 100 nucleotides.     -   Clause 12. The composition of clause 11, wherein the poly-A tail         comprises the poly-A tail shown in SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   Clause 13. The composition of clause 1, wherein one or more RNA         comprises:         -   a 5′ cap comprising m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or             3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G;         -   a 5′ UTR comprising (i) a nucleotide sequence selected from             the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6, or (ii) a             nucleotide sequence having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%,             90%, 85%, or 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected             from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6;         -   a 3′ UTR comprising (i) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID             NO: 8, or (ii) a nucleotide sequence having at least 99%,             98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the             nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; and         -   a poly-A tail comprising at least 100 nucleotides.     -   Clause 14. The composition of clause 13, wherein the poly-A tail         comprises SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   Clause 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the         composition of clause 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable         carrier, diluent and/or excipient.     -   Clause 16. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a         solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need         thereof the composition of clause 1.     -   Clause 17. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a         solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need         thereof a first RNA, wherein the first RNA encodes an IL-12sc         protein, an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα protein, or a GM-CSF         protein, and additional RNA, wherein:         -   if the first RNA encodes an IL-12sc protein, then the             additional RNA encodes an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα             protein, and a GM-CSF protein;         -   if the first RNA encodes an IL-15 sushi protein, then the             additional RNA encodes an IL-12sc protein, an IFNα protein,             and a GM-CSF protein;         -   if the first RNA encodes an IFNα protein, then the             additional RNA encodes an IL-15 sushi protein, an IL-12sc             protein, and a GM-CSF protein; and         -   if the first RNA encodes a GM-CSF protein, then the             additional RNA encodes an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα             protein, and an IL-12sc protein.     -   Clause 18. The method of clause 17, wherein the first RNA is         administered to the subject at the same time as the additional         RNA.     -   Clause 19. The method of clause 17, wherein the RNA is         administered intra-tumorally or peri-tumorally.     -   Clause 20. The method of clause 17, wherein the subject is         further treated with an additional therapy comprising (i)         surgery to excise, resect, or debulk a tumor, (ii)         immunotherapy, (iii) radiotherapy, or (iv) chemotherapy.     -   Clause 21. The method of clause 17, wherein the subject is         further treated with a checkpoint modulator.     -   Clause 22. The method of clause 21, wherein the checkpoint         modulator is an anti-PD1 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or a         combination of an anti-PD1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.     -   Clause 23. The method of clause 21, wherein the RNA is         administered intra-tumorally or peri-tumorally via injection,         and the checkpoint modulator is administered systemically.     -   Clause 24. The method of clause 17, wherein the solid tumor is a         sarcoma, carcinoma, or lymphoma.     -   Clause 25. The method of clause 17, wherein the solid tumor is         in the lung, colon, ovary, cervix, uterus, peritoneum,         testicles, penis, tongue, lymph node, pancreas, bone, breast,         prostate, soft tissue, connective tissue, kidney, liver, brain,         thyroid, or skin.     -   Clause 26. The method of clause 17, wherein the solid tumor is         an epithelial tumor, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin         lymphoma, prostate tumor, ovarian tumor, renal cell tumor,         gastrointestinal tract tumor, hepatic tumor, colorectal tumor,         tumor with vasculature, mesothelioma tumor, pancreatic tumor,         breast tumor, sarcoma tumor, lung tumor, colon tumor, brain         tumor, melanoma tumor, small cell lung tumor, neuroblastoma         tumor, testicular tumor, carcinoma tumor, adenocarcinoma tumor,         glioma tumor, seminoma tumor, retinoblastoma, or osteosarcoma         tumor.     -   Clause 27. The method of clause 17, wherein treating or reducing         the likelihood of the solid tumor comprises reducing the size of         a tumor, reducing the likelihood of a reoccurrence of cancer in         remission, or reducing the likelihood of cancer metastasis in         the subject.     -   Clause 28. A combination therapy method for treating or reducing         the likelihood of a solid tumor, comprising administering to a         subject in need thereof RNAs and a further therapy, wherein the         RNAs encode an IL-12sc protein, an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα         protein, and a GM-CSF protein, and the further therapy comprises         immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or a checkpoint modulator.     -   Clause 29. The combination therapy method of clause 28, wherein         the further therapy comprises an anti-PD1 antibody, an         anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or a combination of an anti-PD1 antibody         and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.     -   Clause 30. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence         encoding an IL-12sc protein, wherein:         -   the sequence encoding the IL-12sc protein comprises a)             contiguous nucleotides having at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%,             95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, or 78% identity to nucleotides 1-984 of             SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18, b) contiguous nucleotides having at             least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 81% identity to             nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18, and c)             nucleotides encoding a linker between the nucleotides of a)             and b).     -   Clause 31. The nucleic acid of clause 30, which is a DNA.     -   Clause 32. The nucleic acid of clause 30, which is an RNA.     -   Clause 33. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence         encoding an IFNα protein, wherein:         -   the sequence encoding the IFNα protein has at least 99%,             98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% identity to the             nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 or 23.     -   Clause 34. The nucleic acid of clause 33, which is a DNA.     -   Clause 35. The nucleic acid of clause 33, which is an RNA.     -   Clause 36. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a         solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need         thereof the RNA of clause 34, wherein: the subject is further         treated with additional RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, an         IFNα protein, and a GM-CSF protein.     -   Clause 37. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a         solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need         thereof the RNA of clause 35, wherein: the subject is further         treated with additional RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, an         IL-12sc protein, and a GM-CSF protein.     -   Clause 38. A method of producing an RNA encoding IL-12sc,         comprising contacting an expression construct comprising the         nucleic acid of clause 32 operably linked to a promoter with an         RNA polymerase under conditions permissive for transcription.     -   Clause 39. A method of producing an RNA encoding IFNα,         comprising contacting an expression construct comprising the         nucleic acid of clause 35 operably linked to a promoter with an         RNA polymerase under conditions permissive for transcription.     -   Clause 40. A kit comprising the composition of clause 1.     -   Clause 41. A kit comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA         encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, RNA encoding an IFNα protein,         and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, wherein the RNAs are not in         the same container.     -   Clause 42. The kit of clause 41, wherein each RNA is in a         separate container.     -   Clause 43. The kit of any one of clause 40-42, further         comprising instructions for use of the composition or RNAs for         treating or reducing the likelihood of a solid tumor.

This description and exemplary embodiments should not be taken as limiting. For the purposes of this specification and appended claims, unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, percentages, or proportions, and other numerical values used in the specification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about,” to the extent they are not already so modified. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” and any singular use of any word, include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. As used herein, the term “include” and its grammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that can be substituted or added to the listed items.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided to illustrate certain disclosed embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure in any way.

Example 1—Materials and Methods

B16F10 Tumor Model:

Female C57BL/6J mice (Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Me.), 6-8 weeks-old and weighing between 17.0 and 20.9 g were acclimated for at least three days prior to study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (Harlan 2916 rodent diet, Massachusetts, USA) and sterile water and housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at 22° C.±2° C. with a relative humidity of 55%±15%. B16F10 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va. USA) (Cat No. CRL-6475) and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (Life technologies, Cat No. 11995) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (HI FBS) (Life technologies, Cat No. 10082-147) in 5% CO2 at 37° C. The cells were harvested using 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Life technologies, Cat No. 25200-056), resuspended in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) (Life technologies, Cat No. 14190-144), and 0.5×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/200 μl per mouse subcutaneously (SC) implanted into the right flank of female C57BL/6J mice. For dual flank tumor models on day 0, 0.5×10{circumflex over ( )}6 B16F10 cells/200 μl per mouse were subcutaneously (SC) implanted into the right flank and 0.25×10{circumflex over ( )}6 B16F10 cells/200 μl per mouse were SC implanted into the left flank. To test whether local administration of cytokine mRNA can have distant effects (see FIG. 19), female C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice (Envigo, Rossdorf, Germany), 6-8 weeks of age, with a weight between 17 and 24 g, were acclimated for at least six days prior to study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (ssniff M-Z autoclavable Soest, Germany) and sterile water and housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at 22° C.±2° C. with a relative humidity of 55%±10%. B16F10 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC® CRL-6475™) and cultured in DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAX™ (Life technologies, Cat No. 31966047) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Biochrom, Cat No. S 0115) in 7.5% CO2 at 37° C. The cells were harvested using StemPro® Accutase® Cell Dissociation Reagent (Life technologies, Cat No. A1110501), re-suspended in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) (Life technologies, Cat No. 14190-169), and 0.3×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/100 μl per mouse subcutaneously (SC) were implanted into the right shaven flank of female C57BL/6J mice. For seeding of distant lung tumors, B16F10_luc-gfp cells were used. These cells were derived from B16F10 by stable transfection with a plasmid coding for Luciferase and GFP. B16F10_luc-gfp cells were cultured with the same conditions as the B16F10; only 0.5 μg/mL Puromycin was added to the culture medium. One day after SC implantation 0.3×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/200 μl of B16F10_luc-gfp cells were injected per mouse intravenously (IV) into the tail vein. Intratumoral mRNA injections were initiated 10-14 days after SC inoculation of the tumors. Tumor growth was assessed by caliper measurements every 2-3 days and is expressed as the product of the perpendicular diameters using the following formula: a2*b/2, with a<b. Engraftment of luciferase-positive tumor cells in the lung was analyzed by in vivo bioluminescence imaging using the Xenogen IVIS Spectrum imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences). An aqueous solution of L-luciferin (2500, 1.6 mg; BD Biosciences) was injected intraperitoneally. Emitted photons from live animals quantified 10 min later with an exposure time of 1 min. Regions of interest (ROI) were quantified as average radiance (photons s⁻¹ cm⁻²'sr⁻¹, represented by as color-scaled images superimposed on grayscale photos of mice using the Living Image software from Caliper Life Sciences). For absolute quantification, the bioluminescence signal was blotted as total flux (photons s⁻¹). For studies performed in FIGS. 20C-G and 21E-I the above described model of C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice (Envigo, Rossdorf, Germany) without seeding of lung metastasis was used as well.

CT26 Tumor Model:

For studies performed in FIGS. 2, 3, 7D-F, 8, 9, 12D and 21, female Balb/c Rj mice (Janvier, Genest-St.-Isle, France), 6-8 weeks of age, with a weight between 17 and 24 g, were acclimated for at least six days prior to study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (ssniff M-Z autoclavable Soest, Germany) and sterile water and housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at 22° C.±2° C. with a relative humidity of 55%±10%. CT26 cells were obtained from the (ATCC® CRL-2638™) and cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI) 1640 Medium, GlutaMAX™ (Life technologies, Cat No. 61870-044) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Biochrom, Cat No. S 0115) in 5% CO2 at 37° C. The cells were harvested using StemPro® Accutase® Cell Dissociation Reagent (Life technologies, Cat No. A1110501), resuspended in DPBS (Life technologies, Cat No. 14190-169), and 0.5×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/100 μl per mouse SC implanted into the right shaven flank of female Balb/c Rj mice. Intratumoral RNA injections were initiated 13-19 days after inoculation of the tumors. Tumor growth was assessed by caliper measurements every 2-3 days and is expressed as the product of the perpendicular diameters using the following formula: a2*b/2 where b is the longer of the two diameters (a<b).

For studies performed in FIG. 6, and 7A-C female BALB/c mice (Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Me.), 6-8 weeks-old and weighing between 17.0 and 20.9 g were acclimated for at least three days prior to study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (Harlan 2916 rodent diet, Massachusetts, USA) and sterile water and housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at a temperature (22° C.±2° C.), relative humidity (55%±15%). CT26 cells were obtained from the ATCC (Manassas, Va. USA) (Cat No. CRL-2638) and cultured in RPMI-1640 (Life technologies, Cat No. 11875-093) supplemented with 10% HI FBS (Life technologies, Cat No. 10082-147) in 5% CO2 at 37° C. The cells were harvested using 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Life technologies, Cat No. 25200-056), re-suspended in DPBS (Life technologies, Cat No. 14190-144), and 0.5×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/200 μl per mouse SC implanted into the right flank of BALB/c female mice.

In CT26 tumor model in addition to tumor growth gp70-reactive CD8+ T-cells were measured in blood where indicated. Blood samples were taken using EDTA-coated tubes. 100 μL of blood was transferred to FACS tubes and antibody mixture was added containing T-Select H-2Ld MuLV gp70 Tetramer-SPSYVYHQF-APC (MBL (TS-M-521-2), 4 μL for 100 μL blood), anti-CD8a FITC (life technologies (MCD801), 1 μL for 100 blood)) and anti-CD45 V500 (BD (561487), 1 μL for 100 μL blood)). After 20 min incubation at room temperature Blood Lysis Buffer (BD (349202), 300 μL per tube) was added and incubated for further 6 min. Then samples were washed twice with PBS-EDTA buffer. FACS samples were analyzed on a FACS Canto II flow cytometer.

MC38 Tumor Model:

Female C57BL/6J mice (Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Me.), 6-8 weeks-old and weighing between 17.0 and 20.9 g were acclimated for at least three days prior to study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (Harlan 2916 rodent diet, Massachusetts, USA) and sterile water and housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at 22° C.±2° C. with a relative humidity of 55%±15%. MC38 cells were generous gifts from Dr S. A. Rosenberg (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA). The cell line was cultured in RPMI-1640 with L-glutamine (Gibco, Cat No. 11875) supplemented with 10% HI FBS (Gibco, Cat No. 100082) in 5% CO2 at 37° C. The cells were harvested, re-suspended in DPBS (Gibco, Cat No. 14190), and 1×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/200 μl per mouse SC implanted into the right flank of female C57BL/6J mice.

A375 Tumor Model:

Female severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice (Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Me.), 6-8 weeks-old and weighing between 17.0 and 20.9 g were acclimated for at least three days prior to study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (Harlan 2916 rodent diet, Massachusetts, USA), sterile water and housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at 22° C.±2° C. with a relative humidity of 55%±15%. A375 cells were obtained from the ATCC (Manassas, Va. USA) (Cat No. CRL-1619). The cell line was cultured in DMEM (Life technologies, Cat No. 11995) supplemented with 10% HI FBS (Life technologies, Cat No. 10082-147) in 5% CO2 at 37° C. The cells were harvested using 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Life technologies, Cat No. 25200-056), re-suspended in DPBS (Life technologies, Cat No. 14190-144), and 3.0×10⁶/100 μl PBS were mixed with 100 ul BD Matrigel Matrix (BD, Cat No. 354234) and implanted SC into the right flank of female SCID mice.

KM12 (CRC) Xenograft Model: Female NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/SCID mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.), 10-weeks-old and weighing between 17.3 g and 21.9 g were acclimated for at least three days prior to study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (Harlan 2916 rodent diet, Massachusetts, USA), sterile water and were housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at (22±2° C.) with a relative humidity (55±15%). KM-12 cells were obtained from the American National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Cat No. 507345). The cells were grown in RPMI medium 1640 with L-glutamine (Gibco, Cat No. 11875) supplemented with 10% HI FBS (Gibco, Cat No. 10082), and incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2. The cells were harvested using 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco, Cat No. 25200), re-suspended in DPBS (Gibco, Cat No. 14190), and for each mouse 5.0×106 cells in 200 μl DPBS with 50% matrigel (BD, Cat No. 356234) were SC implanted into the right flank of female SCID mice.

RPMI8226 (Myeloma) Xenograft Model: Female NSG mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.), 12-weeks-old and weighing between 19.8 g and 26.6 g were acclimated for at least three days prior to study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (Harlan 2916 rodent diet, Massachusetts, USA), sterile water and were housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at (22±2° C.) with a relative humidity (55±15%). RPMI8226 cells were obtained from the ATCC (Cat No. CCL-155). The cells were grown in RPMI medium 1640 with L-glutamine (Gibco, Cat No. 11875) supplemented with 10% HI FBS (Gibco, Cat No. 10082), and incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2. The cells were harvested using 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco, Cat No. 25200), re-suspended in DPBS (Gibco, Cat No. 14190), and for each mouse 5.0×106 cells in 200 μl DPBS with 50% matrigel (BD, Cat No. 356234) were SC implanted into the right flank of female NSG mice.

NCI-N87 (Gastric) Xenograft Model: Female NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/SCID (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.), 11-weeks-old and weighing between 18.3 and 22.7 g were acclimated for at least three days before the study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (Harlan 2916 rodent diet, Massachusetts, USA), sterile water and were housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at (22±2° C.) with a relative humidity (55±15%). NCI-N87 cells were obtained from the ATCC (Cat No. CRL-5822). The cells were grown in RPMI medium 1640 with L-glutamine (Gibco, Cat No. 11875) supplemented with 10% HI FBS (Gibco, Cat No. 10082), and incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2. The cells were harvested using 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco, Cat No. 25200), re-suspended in DPBS (Gibco, Cat No. 14190), and for each mouse 3.0×106 cells in 200 μl DPBS with 50% matrigel (BD, Cat No. 356234) were SC implanted into the right flank of female SCID mice.

NCI-H1975 (NSCLC) Xenograft Model: Female NSG mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.), 10-weeks-old and weighed between 18.8 g and 26.0 g were allowed to acclimate for at least three days before study enrollment. Mice had free access to food (Harlan 2916 rodent diet, Massachusetts, USA), sterile water and were housed on 12 hours light/dark cycle at (22±2° C.) with a relative humidity (55±15%). NCI-H1975 cells were obtained from the ATCC (Cat No. CRL-5908) and cultured in RPMI medium 1640 with L-glutamine (Gibco, Cat No. 11875) supplemented with 10% HI FBS (Gibco, Cat No. 10082), and incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2. The cells were harvested using 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco, Cat No. 25200), re-suspended in DPBS (Gibco, Cat No. 14190), and for each mouse 5.0×106 cells in 200 μl DPBS with 50% matrigel (BD, Cat No. 356234) were SC implanted into the right flank of female NSG mice.

Tumor Re-Challenge:

Female C57BL/6J mice were implanted with B16F10 cells as described above. Mice were treated with 4 intratumoral injections (80 μg mRNA/20 μg per target) on days 11, 13, 15, and 17 with ModB cytokine mRNA mixture (IL-15sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα). After cytokine mRNA treatment 8 mice were tumor free. Four weeks after the last cytokine mRNA treatment tumor free mice were re-challenged with 0.5×10{circumflex over ( )}6 B16F10 cells/200 μl per mouse by SC injection and tumor growth was monitored.

Tumor Monitoring:

Tumors were measured with a caliper twice weekly until final sacrifice. When a tumor size reached approximately 2000 mm³ or there are animal health issues (20% area of a tumor ulcerated), animals were euthanized. Tumor regression was defined as i) tumor volume<20 mm3 at the end of the study or ii) T^(F)/T⁰<1, where the T^(F) equals the final tumor volume and T⁰ equals tumor volume on the day of the first intratumoral mRNA injection.

mRNA Modification a (ModA):

Synthetic DNA fragments coding for the gene of interest were cloned into a common starting vector, comprising a 5′-UTR (corresponding in some cases to SEQ ID NO: 1), a 3′ UTR consisting of two elements called F and I (corresponding in some cases to SEQ ID NO: 7), and a poly(A)-tail of 110 nucleotides in total (A30-linker-A70 structure; corresponding in some cases to SEQ ID NO: 78). Linearization of plasmid DNA was performed downstream of the poly(dA:dT) with a classIIS restriction enzyme to generate a template with no additional nucleotide beyond the poly(dA:dT) (see Holtkamp et al., Blood 108(13):4009-172006 (2006)). Linearized plasmid DNA was subjected to in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase (Thermo Fisher) as previously described (see Grudzien-Nogalska E et al., Methods Mol Biol. 969:55-72 (2013)) in the presence of 7.5 mM ATP, CTP, UTP, GTP and 6 mM D1, a beta-S-antireverse cap analogue (beta-S-ARCA, Cap0) (see Kuhn A N et al, Gene Ther. 17(8):961-71 (2010)). RNA was purified using magnetic particles (see Berensmeier S. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 73(3):495-504 (2006)), and RNA concentration and quality were assessed spectrophotometry and analyzed by capillary gel electrophoresis systems, respectively.

mRNA Modification B (ModB):

Synthetic DNA fragments coding for the gene of interest were cloned into a common starting vector, comprising a 5′-UTR (corresponding in some cases to the Tobacco Etch Viral leader sequences TEV, SEQ ID NO: 3), a 3′ UTR consisting of two elements called F and I (corresponding is some cases to SEQ ID NO: 7), and a poly(A)-tail of 110 nucleotides in total (A30-Linker-A70 structure). Upon linearization of plasmid DNA as described above, in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase (Thermo Fisher) was performed. This was carried out as described for ModA, but no cap structure was added to the reaction and UTP was substituted for N1-methyl-pseudouridinetriphosphate. RNA was then purified using magnetic particles (Berensmeier 2006), and subsequently Cap1 structure was enzymatically introduced using a commercially available system based on the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme (NEB) and addition of mRNA Cap 2′-O-methyltransferase (NEB). Afterwards, the RNA was subjected to a further purification procedure by Cellulose-based chromatography to remove double-stranded RNA impurities (see Day P R et al, Phytopathology 67:1393 (1977); Morris T J et al., Phytopathology 69:854-858 (1979); and Castillo A et al., Virol J. 8:38 (2011)). RNA concentration and quality were assessed spectrophotometry and analyzed by capillary gel electrophoresis systems, respectively. Presence of dsRNA was assessed in a Northwestern dot-blot assay using dsRNA-specific J2 mAb (English & Scientific Consulting) as described in Karikó et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 39(21):e142 (2011).

mRNA Codon Optimization:

The coding sequence of a protein may influence the efficiency as well as the accuracy of protein translation (see Bossi L et al., Nature. 286(5769):123-7 (1980) and Irwin et al., J Biol Chem. 270(39):22801-6 (1995)).

Therefore, different codon variants of each target were designed and tested. The design of the different codon variants for each target utilized publicly available software from Life Technologies GmbH GeneArt® (Regensburg, Germany) (see Raab D et al., Syst Synth Biol. 4(3):215-25 (2010)) and Eurofins MWG Operon (Ebersberg, Germany). In addition, codon optimization was performed manually editing each codon separately. A GC-content comparable to the wild type sequence was maintained during the optimization process.

Evaluation and selection of constructs was determined by in vitro expression performed using: (i) mRNA lipofection of HEK293T/17 cells and (ii) mRNA electroporation K562 cells.

Forty thousand (40,000) HEK293T/17 cells (ATCC® CRL-11268™) were seeded in flat bottom 96-well plates (VWR International, Cat No. 734-1794) in DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAX™ (Life technologies, Cat No. 31966047) containing 0.5% FBS (Biochrom, Cat No. S 0115). Seeded cells in 96-well plates were incubated at 37° C., 7.5% CO2 for 16-18 hours. Adherent HEK293T/17 cells were transfected with RNA using Lipofectamine Messenger MAX Reagent (Invitrogen, Cat No. LMRNA) according to the manufacturer's protocol by adding 1.2 μl of the transfection reagent to 20 μl of OptiMEM (Thermo Fisher, Cat No. 31985070) in an RNAse-free 1.5 ml Safe-Lock tube biopur (Eppendorf, Germany, Cat No. 0030121589); in a second tube the indicated RNA was added to 20 μl of OptiMEM. After 10 minutes of incubation the tube containing the RNA was diluted into the tube containing the Lipofectamine Messenger MAX and incubated an additional 5 minutes prior to adding 10 μl of the RNA-lipid-complex drop wise to one well of the 96-well plate containing the HEK293T/17 cell layer in 100 μl medium. The 10 μl RNA-lipid-complex contained 5 ng, 25 ng and 100 ng of target RNA respectively. The plates were placed into the incubator for 3 h before an additional 140 μl of fresh medium (DMEM+0.5% FBS) was added. The transfected cells were incubated for 15-18 hours and the supernatants were collected and analyzed for protein content by ELISA as described herein.

K562, a human cell line derived from chronic myeloid leukemia (ATCC® CCL-243™) was cultivated in RPMI 1640 Medium, GlutaMAX™ (Life technologies, Cat No. 61870-044) supplemented with 5% FBS. K562 were electroporated in a 96-well plate system as follows. Cells were washed once in X-VIVO15 medium (Lonza, Cat No. BE02-060Q) and suspended to a final concentration of two hundred fifty thousand (250,000) cells/150 μl in X-VIVO15. A 150 μl of cell suspension was added per well of a 96-well plate containing 5 ng, 25 ng, or 100 ng of RNA. Cells and RNA were mixed and electroporation was performed in a 96 well Gene Pulser MX cell electroporation system from Biorad (250 V, 1×30 ms pulse). Immediately following electroporation, cells were transferred into a new culture plate with fresh medium without antibiotics and rested for 1 hour in the incubator at 37° C. The medium was exchanged for fresh RPMI 1640 GlutaMAX supplemented with 0.5% FCS and incubated 15-18 hours. Supernatants were harvested and analyzed for protein content by ELISA as described herein.

Protein concentrations were determined by ELISAs specific for the RNA encoded cytokine according to the manufacturer's protocol. (i) Human IL-15 sushi/IL-15 sushi R alpha Complex DuoSet ELISA (ii) Mouse IL-12sc Duo Set Development System (DY419-05) (iii) Mouse GM-CSF DuoSet ELISA Development Systems (DY415), all obtained from RnD systems, and mouse IFNα ELISA Kit (TCM) (PBL assay science, 42120-2).

For each mRNA target, the protein expression was evaluated for the wt-sequence and the different codon-optimized variants. Both data sets from lipofection of HEK293T/17 and electroporation of K562 each tested with the three different amounts of modified RNA were considered for selection of the protein coding sequence. A codon-optimized sequence was selected if an at least 1.5-fold increase of protein expression compared to WT sequence was measured. If this was not the case, the WT sequence was selected. For all constructs Earl-restriction sequences were eliminated by mutating the DNA recognition sequence (5′-CTCTTC-3′), while preserving the WT amino acid.

Cell Lines:

HEK293 (ATCC CRL-1573) cell line and human melanoma cell lines, A101D (ATCC CRL-7798), A375 (ATCC CRL-1619), A2058 (ATCC CRL-11147), and Hs294T (ATCC HTB-140), were obtained from ATCC and cultured in DMEM (ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat 11885-084) supplemented with 10% FBS HI FBS Life Technologies, Cat. 10082) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37° C.

mRNA Transfection:

Cells were transfected using Lipofectamine MessengerMAX Reagent (Invitrogen, Cat # LMRNA001) according to the manufacturer protocol. Briefly, for each well 0.3 μl of the transfection reagent was diluted with 5 μl of the Opti-MEM media (Life Technologies, Cat. 31985062) and incubated for 10 min at room temperature; mRNA mixtures were diluted with Opti-MEM media (5 μl per well) and mixed with diluted MessengerMax reagent, incubated for 5 min at room temperature and aliquoted to the 96-well plate. Cells were diluted in complete growth media and 40,000 cells per well were added to the transfection mixtures. Cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. in a CO2 incubator then media was collected and cytokine concentration was determined by Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay.

Meso Scale Discovery Assay:

Cytokine concentration was determine using MSD assays: Proinflammatory Panel 1 (human) MSD kit (catalog N05049A-1) for IL12p70, Cytokine Panel 1 (human) MSD kit (catalog N05050A-1) for GM-CSF and IL-15 sushi, and Human IFN-α 2a Ultra-sensitive Kit (catalog N05050A-1) for IFNα. Data were analyzed using MSD Discovery Workbench V. 4.0.12 software and GraphPad Prism V.6.00 software.

PBMC Isolation and Treatment:

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were isolated by density gradient media (Ficoll-Paque) from a leukopak (Research Blood Components). 600,000 PBMCs were added per well of a 96-well plate. Cells were treated with a cytokine mixture for 24 hrs and IFNγ production was measured in the cell culture media using Human IFNγ 384-Tissue Culture MSD Assay.

Measuring CD8 Response:

B16F10 tumor bearing mice received a single intratumoral injection of Immuno mRNA (IFNα, IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, and IL-12sc, ModB) or control luciferase mRNA (Placebo). Seven days after intratumoral mRNA injection tumors were excised, processed for immunofluorescence and stained with an antibody for CD8 (gray). As shown in FIG. 25, CD8 cells were present after cytokine mRNA intratumoral injection.

Preparation of mRNA for In Vivo Studies:

The respective mRNA mixtures were prepared for in vivo studies by mixing equal quantities (micrograms) of mRNA in water at 2× the intended dose. The mRNA mixture was frozen at −80 C until the day of intratumoral injection. On the day of injection, mRNA was thawed and mixed with an equal volume of 2× sterile Ringer's solution. The resulting 1×mRNA/Ringer solution was used for intratumoral injection.

Gene Expression Analysis:

A375 tumors were homogenized in the RLT Buffer (Qiagen) using Precellys 24 homogenizer (Bertin Instruments). Total RNA was isolated with the RNeasy-96 Kit (Qiagen), following the spin protocol with the DNase treatment. RNA was eluted with nuclease-free water and quantified by ultraviolet absorbance using a NanoDrop 8000 (Thermo Scientific). cDNA synthesis was performed with the High Capacity RNA to cDNA Kit (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Real-time PCR were performed on a ViiA™7 (Applied Biosystems) according to standard protocol. Amplification was performed using the TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) and predesigned Taqman Assays (Applied Biosystems). Gene expression was normalized to the endogenous control GAPDH. Comparative ddCT method was used to evaluate gene expression.

TABLE 3 Gene Assay ID Lot Number Fluorescent dye ISG15 Hs01921425_s1 1548867 FAM ISG54 Hs01922738_s1 1532771 FAM Mx1 Hs00895608 m1 1539223 FAM hGAPDH 4326317E 1311049 VIC

Example 2—Combinations of Three mRNAs Reduce Tumor Volume In Vivo

A mixture of modified mRNAs encoding GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-12sc was injected into B16F10 tumor bearing mice and tumor growth was monitored to day 41. As shown in FIG. 1, intratumoral injection of a combination of three mRNAs encoding GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-12sc having ModA (SEQ ID NOs: 32, 38, and 56; FIG. 1A), or a combination of three mRNAs encoding GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-12sc having ModB (SEQ ID NOs: 35, 41, and 59; FIG. 1B) induced regression in 6 out of the 10 mice, while mice treated with a control mRNA encoding luciferase (ModA) displayed tumor regression in 1 of 10 animals (FIG. 1C). These data were confirmed in a repeat study of similar design (FIG. 1D-1G). In the repeat experiment, a mixture of cytokine mRNA (GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc) with ModA or ModB lead to tumor regression in 5 of 9 mice, while treatment with control mRNA in ModA and ModB displayed 2 of 9 and 0 of 9 tumor regressions, respectively.

The effects of cytokine mRNA treatment were evaluated in CT26 tumors. Mice with established CT26 tumors were injected with a cytokine mRNA mixture encoding GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-12sc in ModA and ModB formats, respectively. Two control groups were included: i) mRNA Ringer's diluent and ii) ModA mRNA encoding firefly luciferase. A total of 6 intratumoral injections were administered on days 19, 21, 24, 26, 28 and 31. As shown in FIG. 2, both GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-12sc mRNA ModA (SEQ ID NOs: 56, 32, and 38; FIG. 2A) and ModB (SEQ ID NOs: 59, 35, and 41; FIG. 2B) resulted in tumor regression in 5 and 6 out of 8 mice, respectively, while no tumors treated with control mRNA in ModA (FIG. 2C) or Ringer's solution (FIG. 2D) displayed tumor regression.

The cytokine mRNA mixture encoding IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF and IL-12sc (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 59, and 41) and IL-2, GM-CSF and IL-12sc (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 35, 59, and 41) were evaluated for anti-tumor activity in the CT26 tumor model. Tumors received intratumoral mRNA injections on days 13, 15, 18, 20 and 22 after tumor inoculation. As shown in FIG. 3, intratumoral injection of either the IL-2 mixture (FIG. 3A) or IL-15 sushi mixture (FIG. 3B) resulted in tumor regression in 5 out of 10 or 11 tumor-bearing animals, respectively (FIGS. 3A and B), whereas in the control group injected with luciferase mRNA (ModB) no tumor regression was observed (FIG. 3C).

Anti-tumor activity of the mRNA mixture of IL-2, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (FIG. 4A-ModA [SEQ ID NOs: 32, 38, and 56], 4B-ModB [SEQ ID NOs: 35, 41, and 59]), or IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF or (FIG. 4C-ModA [SEQ ID NOs: 50, 38, and 56], 4D-ModB [SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, and 59) was further evaluated in the B16F10 tumor model. Mice with B16F10 tumors were injected intratumorally with mRNA on days 11, 13, 15, and 17. Treatment of B16F10 tumors with the cytokine mRNA mixture that encoded IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF resulted in tumor regression in 3 and 4 of 8 mice in ModA and ModB, respectively. Tumors treated with an mRNA mixture of IL-2, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModA or ModB) had tumor regression in 4 out of 8 mice, while no tumor regression was noted for mice treated with ModA or ModB mRNA encoding luciferase (FIG. 4E-ModA, FIG. 4F-ModB).

Example 3—Combinations of Four mRNAs Reduce Tumor Volume In Vivo

We next tested the effect of adding a fourth mRNA to the cytokine mRNA mixture. B16F10 tumor bearing mice received four intratumoral injections of ModB cytokine mRNA mixture encoding: i) GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 59, 35, and 41; FIG. 5A), ii) GM-CSF, IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 59, 53, and 41; FIG. 5B) and iii) GM-CSF, IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, IFNα (SEQ ID NOs: 59, 53, 41, and 47; FIG. 5C), and tumor growth was monitored to day 45. Each of the cytokine mRNA mixtures had an anti-tumor effect with 4 out of 8 tumors regressing following intratumoral injection of cytokine mRNA mixtures of GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-12sc or GM-CSF, IL-15 sushi, and IL-12sc, and 7 out of 8 tumors regressed upon treatment with GM-CSF, IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, and IFNα. Mice treated with control mRNA (ModB) exhibited no tumor regression (FIG. 5D).

The anti-tumor activity of GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12sc, and IFNα was examined in three different murine in vivo tumor models, CT26, B16F10 and MC38. Tumor bearing mice received 4-6 intratumoral injections of ModB cytokine mRNA encoding IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (SEQ ID NOs: 35, 41, 59, and 47) or a control ModB mRNA encoding firefly luciferase. Anti-tumor activity was assessed in each tumor model. Mice treated with this combination of cytokine mRNA had 4/8, 7/8 and 5/5 regressing tumors in the CT26 (FIG. 6A), B16F10 (FIG. 6C) and MC38 (FIG. 6E) models, respectively. No tumor regression was observed in the comparator tumor bearing mice treated with luciferase mRNA (FIGS. 6B [CT26], 6D [B16F10], and 6F [MC38]).

The anti-tumor activity of a four-component cytokine mRNA mixture encoding each of IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB, SEQ ID NOs: 35, 41, 59, and 47) or IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB, SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47) was evaluated in the CT26 tumor model. Tumor bearing mice were treated with 6 intratumoral injections and tumor growth was monitored. Treatment with both IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (FIG. 7A) and IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (FIG. 7B) effectively induced tumor regression in 4/8 and 8/8 mice, respectively, while no tumor regressions were observed for mice treated with the control mRNA (FIG. 7C). These data were confirmed in a repeat study of similar design (FIG. 7D-F).

A study in CT26 tumor model was conducted in which individual components were systematically removed from the mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB, SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47). CT26 tumors were injected with cytokine mRNA on days 12, 15, 19 and 22 after inoculation. Tumors treated with four injections of mRNA encoding IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα induced regression in all 10 treated tumors (FIG. 8A). Tumors treated with the ModB mRNA mixtures of i) IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc and IFNα, ii) IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF and IFNα, iii) IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα, iv) IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF resulted in regression of 8, 6, 8, 7 out of 10 tumors, respectively (FIG. 8B-E). No tumors treated with control mRNA (ModB) displayed tumor regression (FIG. 8F). To analyze tumor growth kinetics, mean tumor volumes were calculated for each treatment group up to day 33 (FIG. 8G). The smallest mean tumor volume was observed for mice treated with the mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα, while the largest mean tumor volume was observed in the luciferase treated animals. Tumor growth repression T/C (Tumor/Control based on mean tumor volume) was plotted to day 19 (FIG. 8H) for each of the treatment groups. The four-component mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα exhibited the largest T/C.

Analogous to the study shown in FIG. 8, a study was conducted in which individual components were systematically removed from the mRNA mixture of IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 35, 41, 59, and 47). CT26 tumors received 6 intratumoral mRNA injections on days 19, 21, 23, 26, 28 and 30. Treatment with the cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα resulted in tumor regression in 4 of 10 animals led to complete tumor regression in 4 animals and stable disease beyond day 40 in two individuals (FIG. 9A). Tumors treated with the ModB 3-component mRNA mixtures of i) IL-2, IL-12sc, and IFNα, ii) IL-2, GM-CSF and IFNα, iii) IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα, and iv) IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IL-2 resulted in regression of 2, 3, 3 and 4 tumors, respectively (FIG. 9B-E) and CT26 tumors treated with a control luciferase mRNA displayed no tumor regression (FIG. 9F).

To analyze tumor growth kinetics, mean tumor volumes were calculated for each treatment group up to day 36. The smallest mean tumor volume was observed for mice treated with the mixture of IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα, while the largest mean tumor volume was observed in the luciferase treated animals (FIG. 10 A). Tumor growth repression T/C (Tumor/Control based on mean tumor volume) was plotted to day 30 (FIG. 10B) for each of the treatment groups. The four-component mixture of IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα exhibited the largest T/C.

The anti-tumor response from the different cytokine mRNA mixtures in FIG. 9 were further analyzed as follows: The tumor volume change (ΔV) as defined by the difference in tumor volume between the measurement at the end of experiment or termination (V_(t)) and the measurement at the beginning of the experiment (V_(b)) (ΔV=V_(t)−V_(b)), was calculated for all mice in each of the six treatment groups, including mice treated with 4 component cytokine mRNA mixture (IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα), mice treated with 3 component mixture missing one of the four cytokines and mice treated with control luciferase mRNA. Mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) of a trimmed data (removing top and bottom 10% of the original data) on tumor volume change was calculated for control luciferase group and the Shapiro-Wilk normality test of this trimmed data showed it approximately followed a normal distribution. A Z score (Z=(ΔV−μ)/σ) was then calculated for tumor volume change data in each individual mouse from all treatment groups. A ratio (R) between each tumor volume change value and the trimmed mean of control group was calculated (R=ΔV/μ). Given the definitions, we consider the Z score as “significance of tumor volume reduction” and R as “extent of tumor volume reduction”. To identify a mouse that shows a significantly smaller tumor volume increase than that in control luciferase group (in other words “significant tumor reduction” as compared with control group), a cutoff of Z<=−1.645 (p(Z<=−1.645)=0.05) and R<=0.15 was applied. The results showed that the number of mice in each treatment group that has significantly smaller tumor volume increase than control group as follows: i) 6 out of 8 mice for the cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB). ii) 2 of 8 mice for IL-2, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB), iii) 3 of 8 for IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα and IL-2, IL-12sc, and IFNα and iv) 4 of 8 mice treated with the cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-2, IL-12sc, and GM-CSF (ModB) (FIG. 11).

Female C57BL/6J mice were implanted with B16F10 cells as described above. Mice were treated with 4 intratumoral injection (8 μg mRNA/2 μg per target) on days 11, 15, 19, and 23 with ModB cytokine mRNA mixture (IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα) or control luciferase mRNA. Treatment with the 4-component mixture of cytokine mRNA resulted in tumor rejection in 6/10 treated mice. See, FIG. 24B. In comparison, no tumor free mice were observed in any of the groups treated with a single mRNA (FIGS. 24C-F). The combination of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, IFNα led to increased overall survival with 60% of the mice tumor free at Day 70, while all tumors of mice treated with a single cytokine mRNA progressing to the stage where the animals needed to be euthanized (FIG. 24G). Luciferase control is shown in FIG. 24A.

Example 4—Cytokine mRNA Protects Against Tumor Re-Challenge

To evaluate the effect of the cytokine mRNA mixture on the development of immunological memory, re-challenge experiments were performed. Briefly, B16F10 tumor bearing mice were treated with a cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, and IFNα (Mod B; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47). A portion of the cytokine mRNA treatment B16F10 tumors completely regressed leading to tumor free animals. These tumor free animals were then re-challenged with B16F10 cells as a way to assess adaptive immune memory and 9 naïve mice were implanted with B16F10 tumor cells as a positive control for tumor engraftment (FIG. 12A). All 9 naïve mice engrafted with B16F10 cells developed tumors, whereas all eight tumor-free mice rejected the B16F10 cells and did not exhibit growth of B16F10 tumors (FIG. 12B). A portion of mice previously treated with cytokine mRNA develop localized vitiligo at the original site of the tumor (FIG. 12C). This experiment was essentially repeated and results are shown in FIG. 33.

To evaluate the effect of the cytokine mRNA mixture on the development of immunological memory, a re-challenge experiment was performed using the CT26 tumor model. Therefore, CT26 tumor bearing mice were treated with a cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, and IFNα (Mod B; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47). A portion of the cytokine mRNA treatment CT26 tumors completely regressed leading to tumor free animals. Three tumor free animals were then re-challenged with CT26 tumor cells and three tumor free animals were then re-challenged with CT26 tumor cells, in which the gp70 epitope (CT26-Δgp70) was knocked out. 9 and 10, respectively, naïve mice were implanted with CT26 tumor cells and CT26-Δgp70 as a positive control for tumor engraftment. On day 21 after tumor inoculation 8 out of 9 naïve mice had engrafted with CT26 tumor cells developed tumors and all 10 naïve mice engrafted with CT26-Δgp70 tumor cells developed tumors whereas all three tumor-free mice in each group rejected the CT26 and CT26-Δgp70 cells and did not exhibit growth of CT26 tumors and CT26-Δgp70, respectively (FIG. 12D). This experiment shows that immunological memory upon cytokine mRNA injection in the CT26 tumor model is not restricted to T-cells specific for the immunodominant epitope gp70.

Example 5—Systemic Anti-Tumor Activity of Cytokine mRNA

To evaluate the ability of local intratumoral cytokine mRNA to exert a systemic anti-tumor response, mice were engrafted with B16F10 tumor cells on both the left and right flanks (FIG. 13A). Mice bearing bilateral B16F10 tumors received four intratumoral injections with control mRNA encoding luciferase or a cytokine mRNA mixture encoding IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47). The right tumor was injected with mRNA at three different dose levels (80 μg, 8 μg, and 0.8 μg mRNA corresponding to 20 μg, 2 μg and 0.2 μg mRNA/target), while tumors on the left flank were untreated. Dose dependent anti-tumor activity was observed in both the injected (FIG. 13B) and uninjected (FIG. 13C) tumors with tumor growth inhibition ranging from 88% in the uninjected tumor to 96% in the injected tumor. Groups treated with cytokine mRNA treatment had increased median survival compared to groups treated with the Luciferase control mRNA (FIG. 13D).

To further evaluate the ability of local intratumoral cytokine mRNA to exert a systemic anti-tumor response, mice were engrafted with B16F10 tumor cells on the right flank and received an IV injection of Luciferase-expressing B16F10 cells for induction of tumors in the lung (FIG. 19A). On day 11, 14 and 18 after SC tumor implantation mice bearing B16F10 tumors received in total three intratumoral injections with cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47) into the flank tumor only, while tumors in the lung were untreated. The control group received intratumoral injection of equal amounts of control mRNA without any coding sequence. Mice were sacrificed for endpoint analysis on day 20, at which time lungs were taken out and weighed. FIG. 19B shows exemplarily bioluminescence measurements of four animals and pictures of the according lungs taken out in order to visualize the dark tumor nodes. Tumor growth of SC tumors was strongly suppressed by injection of cytokine mRNA mixture, whereas tumors injected with control mRNA grew progressively as depicted in FIG. 19C showing mean tumor volume of 15 mice in each group. Lung tumor growth was suppressed in animals which received intratumoral cytokine mRNA injection in SC tumors when compared to animals treated with control mRNA; FIG. 19D shows total flux analysis of bioluminescence measurements of all 15 animals per group on day 20, which is a correlate for tumor burden due to Luciferase-expressing tumor cells; line indicates median and asterisk indicates p<0.05 analyzed by T-test. Additionally, lungs of animals treated with cytokine mRNA had significantly less weight (FIG. 19E, line indicates median). Higher weight of lungs of animals treated with control RNA resulted from higher tumor burden.

Example 6—Human Cytokine mRNA

To evaluate in vitro expression of the human cytokine mRNA, an mRNA mixture encoding the human cytokines IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF, and IFNα2b (SEQ ID Nos: 26, 18, 29, and 23) (ModB) were transfected into the HEK293 cell line along with four melanoma tumor cell lines (A375, A101D, A2058 and Hs294T) (FIG. 14A). The cytokine mRNA mixture exhibited dose dependent expression and secretion across a panel of five human cell lines (FIG. 14B-F).

The pharmacodynamic effects of the human mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b were evaluated in vitro with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In short, human cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b (ModB) or the individual cytokine mRNAs encoding IL-12sc, IFNα2b, IL-15 sushi or GM-CSF (ModB) were transfected in HEK293 cells and the conditioned media was collected at 24 hrs, diluted and added to human PBMC (FIG. 15A). The median IFNγ levels from 6 donors treated with the cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b was 5623 pg/mL, while treatment with the individual cytokine mRNA for IL-12sc, IFNα2b, IL-15 sushi or GM-CSF induced median IFNγ levels of 534, 67, 17, and 4 pg/mL, respectively (FIG. 15B).

In vivo expression of the human cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b (ModB) and IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b (ModB) was monitored in the A375 human melanoma xenograft. Tumor bearing mice received a single injection of cytokine mRNA and tumor samples were collected at 2 hrs, 4 hrs, 8 hrs, 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs after mRNA injection. Tumor lysates were prepared and expression of the individual human cytokines IFNα2b (FIG. 16A), IL-2 (FIG. 16B), IL-12sc (FIG. 16C), IL-15 sushi (FIG. 16D), GM-CSF (FIG. 16E) were evaluated.

Time dependent expression was observed for each of the individual cytokines with the maximal concentration (Cmax) occurring between 2-8 hrs for the mixtures of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b (Table 4) and IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b (Table 5).

TABLE 4 Pharmacokinetic results for the IL-15 sushi mixture Tumor GM-CSF IFNα2b IL-12sc IL-15sushi t_(1/2) (hrs) 12.4 9.59 15.2 10.2 Tmax (hrs) 4 4 8 4 Cmax (pg/mg) 1591 4862 3767 2639

TABLE 5 Pharmacokinetic results for the IL-2 mixture Tumor GM-CSF IFNα2b IL-12sc IL-2 t_(1/2) (hrs) 14.8 10.2 15.5 12.8 Tmax (hrs) 2 2 8 2 Cmax (pg/mg) 2487 10685 4961 4271

Induction of the human interferon alpha genes ISG15, ISG54 and MX1 were monitored in the A375 tumors as a pharmacodynamics marker at 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h following mRNA injection of the cytokine mRNA mixtures of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b (ModB) and IL-2, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα2b (ModB). Compared to control treated tumors, A375 tumors treated with cytokine mRNA displayed greater than 100-fold induction of ISG15 (FIG. 17A), ISG54 (FIG. 17B) and MX1 (FIG. 17C) with peak induction occurring by 8 hrs after intratumoral mRNA injection.

Example 7—Interferon Effect

B16F10-tumor-bearing mice received intratumoral injections of ModA (“standard”) cytokine mRNA encoding IL-2, Flt3 ligand (FLT3L), 41BBL (also known as CD137L or tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 9), and CD27L-CD40L (this comprises a fusion protein of the soluble domain of CD27L also known as CD70, and CD40L; both the CD27L and the CD40L is comprised of three soluble domains of either CD27L or CD40L, all separated by GS-Linker sequences (FIG. 18A, SEQ ID NOs: 32, 62, 68, and 74) or ModB (“modified”) cytokine mRNA encoding IL-2, FLT3L, 41BBL, and CD27L-CD40L (FIG. 18B, SEQ ID NOs: 35, 65, 71, and 77). In addition, either ModA mRNA encoding IFNα (SEQ ID NO: 44) or ModB mRNA encoding IFNα (SEQ ID No: 47) was added to the ModA or ModB mRNA mixes, respectively (FIGS. 18D and 18E). Anti-tumor activity was assessed.

Mice treated with this combination of ModA mRNA had 4/9 mice tumor-free without IFNα (FIG. 18B) and 3/9 mice tumor-free with IFNα (FIG. 18D). Therefore, treatment with IFNα mRNA did not appear to increase the response to the cytokines when mRNA was dosed in the ModA form.

In contrast, mice treated with the combination of ModB mRNA had 1/9 mice tumor-free without IFNα (FIG. 18C) and 7/9 mice tumor-free with IFNα (FIG. 18E). Thus, treatment with IFNα mRNA increased the response to the mixture of cytokines when mRNA was dosed in the ModB form.

Example 8—Cytokine mRNA in Combination with Antibodies

To evaluate the effect of intratumoral injection of cytokine mRNA in combination with systemic administration of antibodies, mice were engrafted with B16F10 or MC38 tumor cells on both the left and right flanks. Mice received four intratumoral injections with cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47) into only one of the flank tumors on Days 11, 15, 19, 23, while the other flank tumor was left untreated. Mice also received intraperitoneal injection anti-PD1 antibody (Sanofi murinized version of rat IgG2a anti-mouse PD-1 clone RMP1-14 at 5 mg/kg) on Days 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25. Groups were as follows: 1) control mRNA (80 μg total mRNA; 50 μL intratumoral injection at 1.6 mg/mL plus control isotype antibody (clone MOPC-21 (BioLegend); 5 mg/kg): 2) control mRNA plus anti-PD1 antibody; 3) cytokine mRNA plus control isotype antibody; and 4) cytokine mRNA plus anti-PD1. Overall survival was monitored in both the B16F10 (FIG. 20A) and MC38 (FIG. 20B) tumor models. In both tumor models the highest overall survival was observed with the combination of cytokine mRNA and anti-PD-1 treatment with 60% of mice bearing B16F10 and 80% of MC38 bearing mice tumor free at the end of the study. In the B16F10 tumor model 10% of mice treated with anti-PD-1 or cytokine mRNA alone were tumor free, while in the MC38 model 40% of mice treated with anti-PD-1 and 30% of mice treated with cytokine alone were tumor free. The results indicate strong antitumor activity associated with cytokine mRNA and PD-1 combination.

To further evaluate the ability of local intratumoral cytokine mRNA in combination with the PD-1 antibody to exert a systemic anti-tumor response, mice were engrafted with B16F10 tumor cells on the right flank and received one day later an IV injection of Luciferase-expressing B16F10 cells for induction of lung metastasis. On day 11, 14 and 17 after IV tumor implantation mice bearing B16F10 tumors received in total three intratumoral injections with cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47) into the flank tumor only, while tumors in the lung were untreated. On the same day mice also received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of PD-1 antibody (Sanofi murinized version of rat IgG2a anti-mouse PD-1 clone RMP1-14 at 10 mg/kg). Groups were as follows: 1) control mRNA (40 μg total mRNA; 50 μL intratumoral injection of control isotype antibody (clone MOPC-21 (BioLegend); 10 mg/kg) (FIG. 20C); 2) control mRNA plus anti-PD1 antibody (FIG. 20D); 3) cytokine mRNA plus control isotype antibody (FIG. 20E); and 4) cytokine mRNA plus anti-PD1 (FIG. 20F). Tumor growth of SC tumors was monitored (FIGS. 20C-F) as well as survival (FIG. 20G). Overall survival in this model was determined by tumor burden due to SC tumors as well as lung pseudometastasis tumor (not shown in this Figure); in some mice the SC tumor was rejected, while lung metastasis grew progressively. The highest overall survival was observed with the combination of cytokine mRNA and anti-PD-1 treatment. 6-7% of mice treated with cytokine mRNA alone were tumor free, while mice that had received anti-PD-1 alone or control mRNA+isotype antibody were all sacrificed at day 22 due to high tumor burden. The results indicate strong antitumor activity associated with cytokine mRNA and PD-1 combination in this B16F10 tumor model with lung pseudo-metastasis, while anti-PD-1 antibody alone did not show any anti-tumor activity.

To further evaluate the effect of intratumoral injection of cytokine mRNA in combination with systemic administration of antibodies, mice were engrafted with CT26 tumor cells on right flanks. Mice received four intratumoral injections with cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47) on day 11, 14, 18 and 21 after tumor inoculation. On the same day mice also received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (100 μg/200 μL per mouse; clone 9H10 from InVivoMAb) or the isotype control antibody (100 μg/200 μL per mouse; Armenian hamster IgG from BioXCell). Groups were as follows: 1) cytokine mRNA plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody (FIG. 21A); 2) cytokine mRNA plus isotype control antibody (FIG. 21B); 3) control mRNA plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody (FIG. 21C) and 4) control mRNA plus isotype control antibody (FIG. 21D). Combination therapy of intratumoral cytokine mRNA and IP-injected anti-CTLA-4 resulted in strongest anti-tumoral activity with 12 tumor-free mice out of 16 mice on day 55 after tumor inoculation (FIG. 21A). Treatment with either cytokine mRNA plus isotype control antibody (FIG. 21B) or control mRNA plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody (FIG. 21C) induced less anti-tumoral activity with 5 and 7 tumor-free mice at the end of the study, respectively. In comparison, in the group that received control mRNA plus isotype control antibody (FIG. 21D), only one tumor-free mouse remained at the conclusion of the study.

To further evaluate the effect of intratumoral injection of cytokine mRNA in combination with an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, mice were engrafted with B16F10 tumor cells on right flanks. Mice received three intratumoral injections with cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47) on day 13, 17 and 20 after tumor inoculation. On day 13, 17, 20 and 24 after tumor inoculation mice also received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (100 μg/200 μL per mouse; clone 9H10 from InVivoMAb) or the isotype control antibody (100 μg/200 μL per mouse; Armenian hamster IgG from BioXCell). Tumor growth of SC tumors as well as survival was monitored. Groups were as follows: 1) cytokine mRNA plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody (FIG. 21 E); 2) cytokine mRNA plus isotype control antibody (FIG. 21F); 3) control mRNA plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody (FIG. 21G) and 4) control mRNA plus isotype control antibody (FIG. 21H). Combination therapy of intratumoral cytokine mRNA and IP-injected anti-CTLA-4 resulted in strongest anti-tumoral activity with 6 tumor-free mice out of 9 mice on day 60 after tumor inoculation (FIG. 21E). Treatment with cytokine mRNA plus isotype control antibody (FIG. 21F) induced less anti-tumoral activity with 2 tumor-free mice out of 9 mice. In comparison, in the two groups that either received control mRNA plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody (FIG. 21G) or control mRNA plus isotype control antibody (FIG. 21H), no tumor-free mouse remained at the conclusion of the study. Percent survival is depicted in FIG. 21I, showing the highest overall survival in the combination of cytokine mRNA and anti-CTLA-4 treatment with 67% of mice bearing tumors at the end of the study (day 70), while 33% of mice treated with cytokine mRNA alone were tumor free. The results indicate strong antitumor activity associated with cytokine mRNA alone and cytokine mRNA and anti-CTLA-4 antibody in this B16F10 tumor model, in which anti-CTLA-4 antibody alone did not show any anti-tumor activity.

Example 9—mRNA Cytokine Injection in Multiple Cancer Types

To evaluate the effect of intratumoral injection of cytokine mRNA in various types of cancer, five xenograft mouse models—KM12 (CRC), RPMI8226 (Myeloma), NCI-N87 (Gastric), A375 (Melanoma), and NCI-H1975 (NSCLC)—were tested as described in Example 1. Mice bearing KM12 (CRC), RPMI8226 (Myeloma), NCI-N87 (Gastric), A375 (Melanoma), and NCI-H1975 (NSCLC) tumors received a single intratumoral injection with 8 μg (2 μg/target) human cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 26, 18, 29, and 23) and the encoded cytokines were assessed in the tumor at 24 hours. Expression of each of the 4 cytokines of IL-15 sushi (FIG. 22D), IL-12sc (FIG. 22A), GM-CSF (FIG. 22C) and IFNα (FIG. 22B) was detected in all five of the xenograft models with the highest cytokines levels observed in NCI-H1975, followed by A375, NCI-N87, RPMI8226, and KM12.

Example 10—Dose Dependent Serum Expression of Cytokines after Intratumoral mRNA Cytokine Injection

The effect of different intratumoral mRNA doses on the expression of the encoded cytokines was examined in the serum of mice engrafted with a single A375 tumor on the right flank. Mice received a single intratumoral injection of a cytokine mRNA mixture of human IL-15 sushi, IL-12sc, GM-CSF and IFNα (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 26, 18, 29, and 23). At 6 hours after intratumoral mRNA injection, serum was collected and cytokine expression was analyzed by Meso Scale Discovery assay. Dose dependent expression of each of the mRNA encoded cytokines was observed in the serum from the highest dose of 80 μg (20 μg) to the lowest dose of 0.0256 μg (0.0064 μg). Results are shown in FIGS. 23A-D.

Example 11—Cytokine mRNA Leads to Expansion of Gp70+CD8 T Cells

Mice bearing a single CT26 tumor on one flank received a four intratumoral injections of a cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc (ModB; SEQ ID NOs: 53, 41, 59, and 47). Blood was collected 13 days after first intratumoral mRNA administration and T cells specific for the gp70 tumor antigen were quantified by flow cytometry. Frequency of T cells specific for the gp70 tumor antigen in blood were strongly increased in mice upon intratumoral injection of mRNA cytokines compared to mice that had received control RNA.

Example 12—Cytokine mRNA Induces Multiple Pro-Inflammatory Pathways and Increases Immune Infiltrate in Both Treated and Untreated Tumors

Mice bearing B16F10 tumors on the left and right flank received a single intratumoral injection of 80 μg of mRNA (20 μg/target) into right tumor which was initiated with 0.5×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells (treated), while the tumor initiated with 0.25×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells remained untreated. At seven days after intratumoral injection of mRNA, both tumors were collected, and RNA was isolated and subjected to RNA sequencing analysis. As shown in FIGS. 27A-C, treatment with a cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 59, 53, 41, and 47) upregulated multiple proinflammatory pathways including a range of IFNgamma response genes. The upregulation of proinflammatory/IFNgamma related pathways occurred in both the treated and untreated tumors, supporting the notion that local intratumoral treatment has systemic immune modulatory effects.

Causal network analysis (part of Ingenuity pathway analysis tool) was performed on 3298 genes that were differentially expressed (1699 up-regulated and 1599 down-regulated) between cytokine mRNA treatment and control in injected flank and 4973 genes (2546 up-regulated and 2427 down-regulated) in un-injected flank to identify changes in signaling pathways that could explain the observed changes in gene expression. Z scores were calculated to indicate the changes in pathways, with signs of score indicating the direction of change (positive sign suggests the activation whereas negative sign suggests inhibition).

Hierarchical clustering on expression of 328 genes regulated by IFNG (295 up-regulation and 33 down-regulation) was performed in both control and cytokine mRNA treated samples in both injected and un-injected tumors. Expression of each gene across samples were z-score normalized. The similarity metric is based on Pearson's correlation coefficient and complete-linkage is used to generate dendrogram. See, Table 6.

Relative abundance of infiltrated immune cells is determined by calculating the average expression of immune cell-type specific gene signatures.

TABLE 6 Treated_cytokine Treated_cytokine Treated_cytokine Untreated_cytokine Untreated_cytokine Untreated_cytokine mRNA mix/IgG1 mRNA mix/IgG1 mRNA mix/IgG1 mRNA mix/IgG1 mRNA mix/IgG1 mRNA mix/IgG1 IFNG_reg- vs. Luc mRNA/ vs Luc mRNA/ vs Luc mRNA/ vs Luc mRNA/ vs Luc mRNA/ vs Luc mRNA/ Gene ulation IgG1.foldChange IgG1.RawPValue IgG1.FDR_BH IgG1.FoldChange IgG1.RawPValue IgG1.FDR_BH ABI1 Activate 1.6776 0.0073 0.0995 1.5218 0.0354 0.1551 ACOD1 Activate 31.6293 3.9652E−06 0.0024 6.1017 0.0096 0.0911 ADGRG2 Activate 1.8174 0.0248 0.2076 1.3902 0.2293 0.4662 ADORA2B Activate 2.9657 0.0044 0.0752 1.4261 0.352 0.6138 AIF1 Activate 6.0406 0.0005 0.0201 4.7598 0.0032 0.057 AIM2 Activate 9.9707 0.000085324 0.0086 3.4835 0.0276 0.1361 ANGPTL4 Activate 2.0707 0.0293 0.2265 2.0904 0.0368 0.1586 APOL6 Activate 10.3994 0.0017 0.0418 10.1341 0.0031 0.0564 APP Activate 2.0312 0.0006 0.0238 2.2382 0.0003 0.0276 ARFGAP3 Activate 1.6535 0.0146 0.1517 1.0201 0.9237 1 ASS1 Activate 3.5414 0.0084 0.1093 −1.0202 0.9668 1 ATF3 Activate 5.5284 0.0006 0.0231 −1.1007 0.8409 1 B2M Activate 4.7005 0.000092097 0.0089 2.7946 0.0085 0.0859 BACH1 Activate 2.2944 0.0098 0.1179 1.3281 0.3821 0.6482 BATF2 Activate 4.0479 0.0211 0.1885 1.6468 0.4201 0.6889 BCL2L11 Activate 4.2973 0.0057 0.0868 1.1465 0.7946 1 BCL3 Activate 4.4411 0.0167 0.1639 2.5676 0.1413 0.3455 BLNK Activate 4.2753 0.0003 0.0158 3.2008 0.0044 0.0643 BST1 Activate 16.9081 1.3371E−06 0.0016 6.6164 0.0007 0.0334 BTG1 Activate 3.5307 0.0001 0.0102 −1.1775 0.5968 0.8607 C1QA Activate 5.3999 0.0029 0.0588 1.3506 0.5911 0.8558 C1QB Activate 5.955 0.0104 0.1219 3.531 0.0786 0.2408 C1QC Activate 6.2282 0.0009 0.0307 2.7013 0.0707 0.2284 C2 Activate 2.2866 0.0367 0.2598 2.5908 0.0242 0.1281 C3 Activate 10.2057 0.0043 0.0734 11.6428 0.0044 0.0648 C4B Activate 3.3143 0.0154 0.1562 1.3973 0.5045 0.7768 C5AR1 Activate 6.4343 0.000061281 0.0074 1.8122 0.1729 0.3925 CAMK4 Activate 2.5261 0.0011 0.0335 2.0726 0.012 0.1009 CASP1 Activate 8.2891 0.0079 0.1049 6.7759 0.0214 0.1263 CASP4 Activate 3.9281 0.0015 0.0389 1.2492 0.5969 0.8608 CCL11 Activate 6.225 0.0028 0.0579 9.5207 0.0007 0.0334 CCL17 Activate 3.9738 0.0268 0.2146 3.0432 0.0868 0.2549 CCL2 Activate 5.0444 0.0331 0.2446 1.9159 0.4045 0.6716 CCL22 Activate 5.4223 0.000050981 0.0069 3.6151 0.002 0.0467 CCL3 Activate 8.2215 0.0007 0.0259 4.7966 0.0129 0.1045 CCL4 Activate 8.7234 0.0008 0.0287 2.8285 0.1042 0.2846 CCL5 Activate 19.1375 0.000004935 0.0027 9.4224 0.0004 0.0299 CCL7 Activate 4.7053 0.0068 0.0952 −1.2497 0.6964 0.9457 CCL8 Activate 9.3589 0.0113 0.1283 3.9524 0.1286 0.3243 CCR1 Activate 5.333 0.0012 0.0349 1.7221 0.2823 0.5325 CCR2 Activate 5.8007 0.0025 0.0546 2.1931 0.1766 0.3975 CCR5 Activate 10.8409 0.000010504 0.004 4.8697 0.0025 0.0512 CCRL2 Activate 3.9822 0.002 0.0465 3.6428 0.0056 0.071 CD14 Activate 5.6413 0.0025 0.0546 1.413 0.5406 0.8104 CD2 Activate 13.539 0.0001 0.0095 5.0981 0.0138 0.1086 CD274 Activate 11.0684 0.000096803 0.0091 3.4411 0.038 0.1616 CD38 Activate 5.5697 0.0005 0.0212 1.4645 0.4221 0.6908 CD40 Activate 11.0285 0.0003 0.0158 1.2537 0.7201 0.9637 CD40LG Activate 3.1168 0.0068 0.0952 1.1976 0.6673 0.9224 CD68 Activate 6.1325 0.000040468 0.0063 3.6801 0.0029 0.0544 CD74 Activate 30.4664 0.000057089 0.0072 5.9291 0.0291 0.1392 CD80 Activate 4.1003 0.0005 0.0217 3.5579 0.0026 0.0517 CD86 Activate 6.3927 0.0008 0.027 8.2257 0.0004 0.0289 CDKN2A Activate 1.9017 0.0117 0.1312 −1.2679 0.3579 0.6202 CEBPB Activate 4.4389 0.0007 0.0253 2.1429 0.0784 0.2404 CELSR1 Activate 1.6953 0.0001 0.0107 1.1455 0.3001 0.5534 CERS6 Activate 2.2538 0.0064 0.0927 1.717 0.0763 0.2363 CFB Activate 9.003 0.0001 0.0109 6.2886 0.0018 0.0444 CH25H Activate 4.3757 0.007 0.097 1.9042 0.2435 0.4858 CHRNE Activate 1.6587 0.0293 0.2263 1.0536 0.8254 1 CIITA Activate 6.2751 0.0008 0.0287 2.736 0.0651 0.2172 CLEC2D Activate 4.9639 0.0002 0.0135 2.6567 0.0223 0.1263 CLEC4E Activate 25.396 2.9823E−07 0.001 7.0201 0.0009 0.0355 CLIC4 Activate 2.2909 0.000025847 0.0053 1.4654 0.0399 0.1658 CMPK2 Activate 2.6988 0.0048 0.0785 1.9213 0.0687 0.2249 CORO1A Activate 5.8653 0.0076 0.1019 2.1612 0.2494 0.4929 CP Activate 2.7012 0.0222 0.1945 1.2703 0.5885 0.8544 CSF1 Activate 5.3648 0.0071 0.0977 2.9314 0.0916 0.2624 CSF2 Activate 2.4249 0.0053 0.0828 1.8261 0.0635 0.2145 CSF2RB Activate 7.8798 0.000014063 0.0041 3.3417 0.008 0.0833 CTSB Activate 2.9396 0.0192 0.1786 −1.5854 0.3271 0.5867 CTSD Activate 1.7662 0.0058 0.0873 1.5654 0.0351 0.1546 CTSH Activate 6.6723 0.0004 0.0189 3.0998 0.0341 0.1523 CTSS Activate 14.2913 0.000052305 0.0069 2.0554 0.2402 0.4813 CXCL1 Activate 2.4631 0.0443 0.2909 2.3701 0.0679 0.223 CXCL10 Activate 4.0615 0.0183 0.174 3.84 0.0314 0.1453 CXCL11 Activate 6.3825 0.0032 0.0623 2.1745 0.2167 0.4494 CXCL12 Activate 4.1992 0.0099 0.1191 3.9497 0.0188 0.1263 CXCL16 Activate 11.7476 0.000012898 0.0041 2.7724 0.052 0.1919 CXCL2 Activate 17.8737 0.000065478 0.0076 2.0435 0.2897 0.5414 CXCL3 Activate 2.5623 0.0157 0.1584 −1.1159 0.7808 1 CXCL9 Activate 10.5652 0.002 0.0475 6.7433 0.0152 0.1139 CYBB Activate 10.2429 0.0001 0.0102 2.4115 0.1288 0.3246 CYLD Activate 2.1952 0.0005 0.0217 1.0366 0.8685 1 CYSLTR2 Activate 4.6876 0.0015 0.0389 −1.3886 0.4896 0.7624 DAPK1 Activate 2.9566 0.0202 0.1837 2.3734 0.0752 0.2341 DAXX Activate 2.5923 0.0255 0.2101 2.7152 0.0271 0.1349 DDIT3 Activate 2.2027 0.0286 0.2233 2.4229 0.0212 0.1263 DDX58 Activate 2.2084 0.0054 0.084 1.2566 0.422 0.6908 DPP4 Activate 4.4101 0.047 0.3002 2.2805 0.2869 0.5383 DTX3L Activate 3.4716 0.000027857 0.0053 1.6387 0.0759 0.2356 EBI3 Activate 5.2118 0.0003 0.0153 2.8451 0.0203 0.1263 ECE1 Activate 3.9089 0.0033 0.0624 1.8673 0.1782 0.3996 EGLN3 Activate 2.9572 0.0465 0.2989 1.0391 0.9453 1 EGR2 Activate 2.4479 0.0155 0.157 2.5764 0.0158 0.1159 ERAP1 Activate 2.5669 0.0033 0.0634 2.2811 0.0134 0.1068 FAM26F Activate 14.7052 0.0008 0.0279 26.6887 0.0002 0.0227 FAS Activate 7.0896 0.0003 0.0169 4.7216 0.0052 0.0695 FCER1G Activate 6.7045 0.0007 0.0254 4.8631 0.0059 0.0728 FGF2 Activate 2.9272 0.0257 0.2106 1.8257 0.2249 0.4606 FGL2 Activate 12.456 9.3027E−06 0.0038 4.9116 0.0036 0.0599 FPR2 Activate 26.1833 0.000096227 0.0091 4.1758 0.0744 0.2328 FTH1 Activate 1.6855 0.0413 0.2791 2.2166 0.0045 0.0657 GBP2 Activate 7.2783 0.0007 0.0248 6.7229 0.0017 0.0437 GBP3 Activate 6.2795 0.0006 0.0222 3.0356 0.0358 0.156 GBP4 Activate 18.7632 0.0002 0.0139 6.7981 0.0154 0.1146 GBP5 Activate 18.254 0.0003 0.0157 7.5534 0.0118 0.1 GBP6 Activate 6.4537 0.0004 0.0187 8.0969 0.0002 0.0266 GBP7 Activate 4.3285 0.0017 0.0427 2.3295 0.0713 0.2296 GCH1 Activate 3.9933 0.0057 0.0867 −2.2318 0.1144 0.3009 GNA13 Activate 1.843 0.0129 0.1403 1.2404 0.3874 0.6539 GSDMD Activate 5.5069 0.000067203 0.0076 4.0075 0.0013 0.0403 GZMB Activate 10.9342 0.001 0.0323 11.0118 0.0018 0.0442 H2-M3 Activate 6.3613 0.0003 0.0169 −1.2831 0.6129 0.8754 H2-Q7 Activate 13.035 0.00007123 0.0078 13.2107 0.0001 0.0209 H2-T23 Activate 9.9835 0.0035 0.0651 1.093 0.9091 1 HCAR2 Activate 5.1405 0.0007 0.0254 3.0731 0.0206 0.1263 HCK Activate 7.0952 0.000025322 0.0053 4.1767 0.0019 0.0455 HIF1A Activate 1.661 0.0261 0.2122 1.117 0.6345 0.8942 HMOX1 Activate 2.9191 0.0049 0.0797 2.2892 0.0345 0.1532 ICAM1 Activate 5.8185 0.0005 0.0217 4.9939 0.0023 0.0487 ICOSL Activate 1.9545 0.0086 0.1107 1.8592 0.0203 0.1263 IDO1 Activate 2.1676 0.007 0.097 1.5151 0.1535 0.3644 IFI27 Activate 2.1198 0.0058 0.088 1.1685 0.5669 0.8345 IFI44 Activate 10.2739 0.0001 0.0093 5.8893 0.0032 0.057 IFIH1 Activate 3.3922 0.0001 0.0093 1.8886 0.0369 0.1588 IFIT1 Activate 4.7651 0.000038724 0.0062 2.3488 0.0191 0.1263 IFIT2 Activate 2.6547 0.0381 0.266 1.6098 0.3269 0.5865 IFIT3 Activate 6.6433 0.0003 0.0153 2.3076 0.0981 0.2746 IFITM1 Activate 13.8818 0.0017 0.0427 4.0409 0.096 0.2703 IFITM3 Activate 5.3416 0.000049885 0.0069 4.6318 0.0003 0.0278 IFNG Activate 15.8295 0.000030559 0.0055 5.3984 0.0086 0.0862 IFNGR1 Activate 4.6529 0.0003 0.0169 1.1624 0.713 0.9579 IKBKE Activate 3.6191 0.000070796 0.0078 2.1509 0.0151 0.1135 IL10RA Activate 6.6362 0.0006 0.0225 2.2744 0.1259 0.3198 IL12B Activate 1.5869 0.0237 0.2019 1.3356 0.1698 0.3882 IL12RB1 Activate 3.6563 0.0032 0.0623 2.7374 0.0261 0.1323 IL12RB2 Activate 10.8737 0.0001 0.0105 2.7693 0.0898 0.2596 IL15RA Activate 5.6222 0.0002 0.0124 3.263 0.01 0.0929 IL18BP Activate 13.3799 0.000016505 0.0045 2.6518 0.0808 0.2445 IL18R1 Activate 10.5794 0.0004 0.0172 4.1773 0.0288 0.1387 IL18RAP Activate 12.8979 1.6368E−06 0.0016 3.9032 0.0058 0.0721 IL1A Activate 5.0611 0.0002 0.014 2.016 0.1006 0.2792 IL1B Activate 7.1785 0.0017 0.0427 2.9628 0.0846 0.2505 IL1RL1 Activate 3.2501 0.0421 0.2825 2.7191 0.0999 0.2778 IL1RN Activate 11.4696 0.000016637 0.0045 3.5493 0.0183 0.1256 IL27 Activate 5.0377 0.0003 0.0145 2.9655 0.0136 0.1077 IL2RA Activate 12.629 0.000036735 0.0059 9.0232 0.0004 0.03 IL3RA Activate 2.0071 0.0463 0.2977 −2.3554 0.0222 0.1263 INHBA Activate 7.0079 0.0006 0.0238 8.1176 0.0005 0.0316 IRF1 Activate 4.8896 0.0002 0.0136 4.2429 0.0011 0.0383 IRF2 Activate 3.0856 0.0001 0.0102 2.3475 0.0038 0.0609 IRF4 Activate 3.6001 0.0009 0.0303 2.7396 0.0107 0.0955 IRF5 Activate 6.3959 0.0039 0.0697 6.2724 0.0066 0.0767 IRF7 Activate 4.6951 0.0016 0.0408 2.6708 0.0468 0.1806 IRGM1 Activate 3.5604 0.0205 0.1855 3.8887 0.0196 0.1263 ISG15 Activate 6.1635 0.0003 0.0158 2.64 0.0488 0.1845 ISG20 Activate 3.3567 0.0012 0.0349 3.9719 0.0006 0.0322 ITGA4 Activate 2.0304 0.0397 0.272 2.0083 0.055 0.1984 ITGAL Activate 16.3545 0.000032377 0.0056 6.1759 0.0055 0.0707 ITGAM Activate 8.5704 0.0093 0.1151 3.5033 0.1371 0.3385 ITGAX Activate 3.9189 0.0101 0.1202 2.0482 0.185 0.4084 ITGB2 Activate 7.7479 0.0002 0.0124 6.9547 0.0006 0.0332 JAK2 Activate 1.6647 0.0461 0.2976 1.3678 0.2378 0.4779 JUN Activate 1.7589 0.0035 0.0649 −1.1739 0.4037 0.6708 KLF4 Activate 1.907 0.0409 0.2778 1.156 0.6546 0.9116 KLF6 Activate 2.4625 0.0037 0.0672 2.1351 0.0182 0.125 KYNU Activate 3.8871 0.008 0.1057 4.8859 0.0039 0.061 LAG3 Activate 7.4221 0.0002 0.0114 2.156 0.1298 0.3262 LAT2 Activate 2.6441 0.028 0.2208 1.5322 0.3475 0.6094 LCN2 Activate 4.3524 0.0296 0.2275 16.3586 0.0003 0.0276 LCP2 Activate 8.4235 0.0004 0.0193 4.07 0.0205 0.1263 LGALS9 Activate 1.6825 0.0051 0.0817 1.6728 0.0085 0.086 LST1 Activate 7.6841 0.02 0.1832 1.6707 0.5648 0.8328 LTA Activate 2.7386 0.0055 0.0851 2.4968 0.0157 0.1157 LTB Activate 8.1723 0.0014 0.0379 2.3655 0.1846 0.4079 LY6E Activate 5.1119 0.0028 0.0572 2.8148 0.061 0.2104 LY96 Activate 2.4218 0.0302 0.2305 1.5311 0.3103 0.5661 LYN Activate 5.1219 0.001 0.0325 1.6841 0.2851 0.536 MAP3K8 Activate 7.131 0.0009 0.0302 1.0205 0.9717 1 MEFV Activate 10.8378 0.000019758 0.0047 2.3756 0.0951 0.2688 MMP12 Activate 6.4662 0.0035 0.0647 5.0068 0.015 0.1131 MX1 Activate 6.1489 0.0128 0.1395 2.6469 0.1916 0.4171 MX2 Activate 3.9804 0.0005 0.0205 1.8666 0.1068 0.2889 NAMPT Activate 2.341 0.0066 0.0943 −1.4194 0.2673 0.514 NAPSA Activate 4.3452 0.0003 0.0149 4.7434 0.0003 0.0272 NEURL3 Activate 5.943 0.0009 0.0291 1.9354 0.2066 0.4363 NFKB1 Activate 1.8089 0.0051 0.0815 1.0738 0.7351 0.9751 NFKBIA Activate 4.9409 0.000013016 0.0041 2.4668 0.0097 0.0912 NFKBIZ Activate 2.328 0.0073 0.0995 2.0257 0.0308 0.1436 NGF Activate 3.1687 0.0065 0.0933 3.4968 0.0055 0.0706 NLRC5 Activate 3.4173 0.0109 0.1261 2.2706 0.0985 0.2752 NLRP3 Activate 5.11 0.0007 0.0254 3.4525 0.0111 0.0975 NMI Activate 2.0435 0.0228 0.1979 1.6117 0.1416 0.3459 NOD2 Activate 3.5157 0.000018135 0.0045 2.5449 0.0013 0.0396 NOS2 Activate 26.5216 2.2445E−06 0.0017 24.8128 7.9556E−06 0.0117 NOTCH1 Activate 2.2952 0.0301 0.2303 1.4949 0.3078 0.5625 NR1D1 Activate 1.7995 0.0049 0.0799 1.8784 0.0045 0.065 NUPR1 Activate 2.8421 0.001 0.0318 1.7353 0.0807 0.2444 OAS2 Activate 3.8997 0.0003 0.0154 2.3682 0.0204 0.1263 OAS3 Activate 14.5317 7.7153E−06 0.0034 4.0924 0.0123 0.1019 P2RY14 Activate 16.6314 0.0005 0.0204 4.8513 0.0471 0.1812 P2RY6 Activate 5.352 0.0001 0.0103 2.2094 0.0606 0.2093 PARP9 Activate 3.1267 0.0179 0.1716 −1.1573 0.7644 0.9977 PARVG Activate 6.3047 0.0025 0.0539 1.2154 0.7444 0.9822 PDCD1LG2 Activate 11.6201 2.1928E−06 0.0017 3.9612 0.0045 0.065 PF4 Activate 6.7372 0.0284 0.2226 −2.2437 0.3655 0.6285 PIM1 Activate 4.0708 0.0003 0.0169 2.0732 0.0575 0.2034 PLA2G16 Activate 4.8619 0.001 0.0309 1.3802 0.4886 0.7613 PLAU Activate 3.8214 0.00003401 0.0058 2.1662 0.0131 0.1056 PLEK Activate 5.9274 0.0049 0.0805 2.9561 0.0921 0.2632 PMAIP1 Activate 3.4224 0.0002 0.0134 2.6199 0.0041 0.0627 PRDM1 Activate 3.5702 0.0297 0.2283 4.0335 0.0251 0.13 PRKCD Activate 4.5574 2.2524E−07 0.001 2.0325 0.0066 0.0768 PRKCQ Activate 2.1379 0.0065 0.0932 2.1615 0.0089 0.087 PSMB10 Activate 3.6197 0.005 0.0807 1.4724 0.3976 0.6643 PSMB8 Activate 3.9093 0.0032 0.0615 2.652 0.0388 0.1637 PSMB9 Activate 7.4132 0.0005 0.0197 4.5308 0.009 0.0877 PSME1 Activate 6.1609 0.0001 0.0096 3.9584 0.0037 0.06 PTAFR Activate 8.5218 0.000052564 0.0069 2.2614 0.1024 0.2821 PTGES Activate 3.3225 0.0241 0.2039 1.61 0.3819 0.6479 PTGS2 Activate 10.9036 0.0075 0.1017 3.9538 0.1309 0.3282 PTX3 Activate 5.271 0.0253 0.2091 1.8833 0.4052 0.672 RAB20 Activate 2.29 0.0257 0.2106 1.1261 0.7537 0.9893 RAC2 Activate 7.9519 0.000098427 0.0091 3.7008 0.0123 0.1021 RIPK1 Activate 1.6822 0.0456 0.2959 −1.1344 0.6373 0.8964 RSAD2 Activate 3.916 0.0003 0.0152 1.6141 0.184 0.407 RTP4 Activate 4.8033 0.0025 0.0537 2.5839 0.0696 0.2269 RUNX2 Activate 5.3191 0.0001 0.0095 2.2697 0.0491 0.185 RUNX3 Activate 5.5652 0.0012 0.0354 5.5875 0.002 0.0467 S100A10 Activate 2.1419 0.001 0.0318 −1.0647 0.7799 1 S100A8 Activate 10.9785 0.0065 0.0931 11.8118 0.0079 0.0832 S100A9 Activate 5.1245 0.0058 0.0879 4.0622 0.0228 0.1263 S1PR3 Activate 2.8084 0.0426 0.2844 4.3054 0.0083 0.0851 SAMHD1 Activate 6.8165 0.000028539 0.0053 5.2676 0.0004 0.0289 SELL Activate 9.0266 0.000036704 0.0059 2.6848 0.0503 0.1879 SEMA4A Activate 4.5461 0.0002 0.0134 7.1376 0.000014188 0.0118 SEPT3 Activate 1.9813 0.0021 0.0484 1.2827 0.2581 0.5036 SERPINB9 Activate 3.6968 0.0068 0.0955 1.3544 0.5306 0.8014 SERPINE1 Activate 2.7348 0.0131 0.142 1.0382 0.9268 1 SERPING1 Activate 8.5956 0.0003 0.0154 5.6206 0.0042 0.063 SHARPIN Activate 1.8222 0.0003 0.0169 −1.1856 0.2897 0.5414 SLAMF1 Activate 4.2282 0.000066073 0.0076 1.8422 0.0753 0.2344 SLC11A1 Activate 8.1631 0.0002 0.0114 6.6594 0.0009 0.0364 SLC15A3 Activate 13.0122 0.0001 0.0093 4.2688 0.0238 0.1278 SLC16A9 Activate 2.2466 0.0273 0.2172 1.6072 0.21 0.4406 SLC28A2 Activate 6.903 0.0001 0.0096 1.4304 0.4466 0.7176 SLFN5 Activate 3.7058 0.0022 0.0493 2.1361 0.0772 0.2383 SMAD7 Activate 3.1247 0.0209 0.187 −1.1526 0.7767 1 SOCS1 Activate 3.9437 0.011 0.1267 3.3365 0.0325 0.1481 SOD2 Activate 2.6759 0.0047 0.0774 3.1489 0.0021 0.0475 SOD3 Activate 2.1257 0.0158 0.1591 1.4255 0.2663 0.5128 SP100 Activate 4.8282 7.0055E−06 0.0032 2.8699 0.0019 0.0452 SP110 Activate 3.7976 0.0057 0.0867 1.1957 0.71 0.9556 SPI1 Activate 10.5793 0.000055966 0.0071 6.5856 0.0014 0.0409 SPP1 Activate 2.5268 0.0212 0.1893 2.4021 0.0384 0.1624 STAT1 Activate 4.2736 0.0089 0.1122 3.9844 0.0176 0.1229 STAT2 Activate 5.4847 0.000013182 0.0041 3.019 0.0035 0.0589 STAT4 Activate 6.3819 0.0038 0.069 1.1576 0.8175 1 STAT6 Activate 1.7399 0.0097 0.1171 1.7712 0.0116 0.0993 STX11 Activate 3.6303 0.0058 0.088 1.7593 0.2306 0.4679 TAP1 Activate 4.588 0.001 0.0323 2.7092 0.0329 0.1493 TAP2 Activate 2.8268 0.0148 0.1526 1.5315 0.3257 0.585 TAPBP Activate 2.5416 0.0274 0.2176 1.7971 0.1801 0.4019 TAPBPL Activate 3.0796 0.0031 0.0609 2.4014 0.0251 0.13 TBX21 Activate 3.8788 0.0008 0.0273 4.1566 0.0008 0.0354 TCIRG1 Activate 2.7899 0.0005 0.0217 1.2508 0.4321 0.7008 TGFBR2 Activate 1.9044 0.031 0.2346 1.2596 0.451 0.7222 THBS1 Activate 2.8135 0.005 0.0807 2.9522 0.0055 0.0707 THEMIS2 Activate 9.3368 0.0011 0.0339 6.5099 0.0079 0.0832 THY1 Activate 5.5745 0.0036 0.0666 3.0999 0.0597 0.2073 TLR1 Activate 3.9534 0.0044 0.0751 4.9709 0.002 0.0463 TLR2 Activate 4.2854 0.0004 0.0173 1.0613 0.8785 1 TLR7 Activate 3.6076 0.0317 0.2384 1.1789 0.7874 1 TLR8 Activate 7.9426 0.0012 0.0349 1.5453 0.4846 0.7574 TLR9 Activate 7.0125 0.0004 0.0182 5.5003 0.0026 0.052 TMEM50B Activate 2.2646 0.0029 0.0584 1.6005 0.089 0.2584 TNF Activate 15.5761 0.000001549 0.0016 3.6025 0.014 0.1094 TNFAIP2 Activate 4.2629 0.0043 0.0737 1.3184 0.5837 0.8504 TNFRSF11A Activate 3.7342 0.0089 0.1124 3.2927 0.0236 0.1273 TNFRSF14 Activate 3.3507 0.0151 0.1547 2.0443 0.1615 0.3761 TNFRSF1B Activate 6.9767 0.0004 0.0187 3.0014 0.0433 0.1723 TNFSF10 Activate 5.9466 0.0008 0.0286 2.8254 0.0505 0.1883 TNFSF12 Activate 4.0396 0.0003 0.0145 3.0636 0.0039 0.061 TNFSF13 Activate 3.7405 0.0229 0.1979 −1.7547 0.3434 0.6048 TNFSF13B Activate 4.2939 0.00009167 0.0089 1.0175 0.96 1 TRAFD1 Activate 7.5123 0.000066493 0.0076 1.4364 0.4415 0.7113 TRIM21 Activate 3.1067 0.0069 0.096 −1.1129 0.7984 1 TXK Activate 3.1599 0.0017 0.0418 1.8261 0.0992 0.2766 UBD Activate 39.4489 3.1101E−06 0.0021 20.5238 0.0001 0.0203 UBE2L6 Activate 3.418 0.002 0.0464 4.4962 0.0005 0.031 USP18 Activate 5.4886 0.0004 0.0192 1.697 0.258 0.5036 VCAM1 Activate 7.3103 0.0003 0.0163 1.2409 0.6812 0.9337 WARS Activate 1.5033 0.0098 0.1179 1.8802 0.0003 0.0284 ZFP36 Activate 3.0067 0.0051 0.0815 −1.1887 0.6585 0.9153 AHCY Inhibit −2.0639 0.0374 0.2628 −1.8643 0.0878 0.2566 AQP1 Inhibit −2.6893 0.0012 0.0354 −2.9843 0.0008 0.0346 AZGP1 Inhibit −3.6306 0.0039 0.0701 −3.72 0.0054 0.0705 CSE1L Inhibit −1.9528 0.0448 0.2931 −4.9001 0.000053442 0.0177 DHX9 Inhibit −1.9049 0.0192 0.1787 −1.3891 0.2439 0.4863 EMID1 Inhibit −2.5566 0.047 0.3003 −1.9661 0.1701 0.3887 FKBP6 Inhibit −4.1867 0.0043 0.0733 −2.2618 0.1075 0.2898 FLT4 Inhibit −1.7478 0.0248 0.2076 −1.6367 0.0588 0.2058 GMPR Inhibit −2.9853 0.027 0.2154 −5.5877 0.0017 0.0432 GNAO1 Inhibit −2.2497 0.0179 0.1721 −1.0647 0.8565 1 HSP90AB1 Inhibit −1.9951 0.007 0.0974 −1.1404 0.6083 0.8715 IDI1 Inhibit −2.9218 0.004 0.0713 −2.402 0.023 0.1263 IGFBP4 Inhibit −3.3872 0.0211 0.1885 −3.0044 0.0473 0.1815 MIF Inhibit −3.5707 0.0052 0.0828 −1.3189 0.5425 0.8124 MSH2 Inhibit −1.909 0.0328 0.2435 −1.7932 0.0664 0.2198 MYC Inhibit −1.8764 0.0225 0.1962 −1.5059 0.1507 0.36 PBK Inhibit −4.8198 0.0008 0.0287 −10.4275 0.000012076 0.0117 PCDH17 Inhibit −2.2868 0.0029 0.0588 −1.1447 0.6223 0.8835 PLCG1 Inhibit −1.6389 0.0439 0.2895 1.263 0.3564 0.6189 POLR2F Inhibit −1.7137 0.0139 0.1473 −2.1058 0.0019 0.0456 POMP Inhibit −1.5182 0.047 0.3002 −1.3884 0.1354 0.336 PRPF8 Inhibit −2.0788 0.0159 0.1593 −2.1397 0.0179 0.1239 PTGES2 Inhibit −1.9137 0.0278 0.2201 −1.0746 0.811 1 RAD18 Inhibit −2.1129 0.0032 0.0615 −1.7251 0.0354 0.1551 SF3A1 Inhibit −1.598 0.0042 0.0729 −1.2281 0.2111 0.4418 SLC12A2 Inhibit −2.8366 0.0039 0.0697 −3.5987 0.0011 0.0373 SMTN Inhibit −1.8432 0.0398 0.2725 −1.2994 0.3927 0.6593 SQLE Inhibit −4.0941 0.0396 0.2717 −4.8892 0.0296 0.1404 SREBF2 Inhibit −2.3929 0.0032 0.0615 −3.5164 0.0001 0.0209 SSBP1 Inhibit −1.5752 0.0094 0.1156 1.0074 0.9665 1 TMEM158 Inhibit −1.6002 0.044 0.2897 1.4394 0.1352 0.3357 TYMP Inhibit −2.6432 0.0448 0.2928 1.469 0.4412 0.7111 UNC5B Inhibit −2.3093 0.0267 0.2143 −1.5396 0.2666 0.5132

Example 13—Cytokine mRNA Increases CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Both Treated and Untreated Tumors

Mice bearing B16F10 tumors on the left and right flank received a single intratumoral injection of 80 μg of mRNA (20 μg/target) into right tumor which was initiated with 0.5×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells only one of the tumors (treated), while the other tumor initiated with 0.25×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells remained untreated. At seven days post intratumoral mRNA injection, both the tumors were collected and processed for IHC (Immunofluorescence microscopy) staining with antibodies for CD4+, CD8+, and FoxP3+ cells. Mice from tumors in FIGS. 28A and 28B were treated with cytokine mRNA, while mice from tumors in FIGS. 28C and D were treated with control mRNA. Panels A and C are from the tumors injected with mRNA, while panels B and D are from the corresponding contralateral tumor not injected. (FIGS. 28A-D). For both the cytokine mRNA treated and control mRNA treated groups 5 tumors injected with RNA and the corresponding 5 contralateral tumors uninjected were subjected to immunofluorescent staining for CD4+, CD8+, FOXP3+ cells. The relative frequency and ratio of cells are plotted in FIGS. 28E, F, G. The results indicate that a cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc (SEQ ID NOs: 59, 53, 41, and 47) increases CD8+ and CD4+ T cells infiltration leading to altering the CD8+/Treg ratio. An increase in immune infiltration occurred in both the treated and untreated tumors, supporting the notion that local intratumoral treatment has systemic immune modulatory effects.

Example 14—mRNA is Expressed in Both Tumor and Infiltrating Immune Cells

Mice bearing a single B16F10 tumor received a single intratumoral injection with mRNA encoding the Thy1.1 protein (FIG. 29A-G). Approximately 18 hrs after intratumoral injection the tumor was dissociated, stained with a panel of antibodies and flow cytometry was performed to define cells expressing Thy1.1 protein. The results indicate that both tumor and immune cells take up and express the mRNA.

Example 15—Dose Dependent Tumor Expression and PD Response Following Intratumoral Cytokine mRNA Injection

Mice bearing B16F10 tumors received a single mRNA injection with 80, 8 or 0.8 μg of a cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc (SEQ ID Nos: 59, 53, 41, and 47). Approximately 6 hrs after the intratumoral injection, the tumor was removed and lysed, and levels of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc, IFNgamma and IP-10 were quantified in the tumor lysate. FIGS. 30A-F show that the cytokine mRNA was expressed intratumorally in a dose-dependent manner.

In a separate experiment, mice bearing B16F10 tumors received a single mRNA injection with 80, 8 or 0.8ug of a cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc (SEQ ID Nos: 59, 53, 41, and 47). At seven days following intratumoral cytokine mRNA injection, the tumors were dissociated, stained with a panel of antibodies, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The antibodies used were against murine: CD45, CD4, CD3, CD8, CD279, IFNgamma, TNFalpha, FOXP3, Granzyme B). The results indicate that treatment with the cytokine mRNA mixture altered the CD8+/Treg ratio (FIG. 31A-B), led to increased frequency of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (FIG. 31C-D), increased PD-L1 on infiltrating myeloid cells (FIG. 31E), and increased levels of PD-1 on infiltrating CD8+ T cells (FIG. 31F).

In a further experiment, mice bearing B16F10 tumors on the left and right flank received a single intratumoral injection of a cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc (SEQ ID Nos: SEQ ID NOs: 59, 53, 41, and 47) or control mRNA into only one of the tumors (treated), while the other tumor remained untreated. At seven days post intratumoral mRNA injection, the injected tumor was collected and processed for flow cytometry staining with antibodies for CD45+, CD8+, CD3+, and Granzyme B. The results indicate that the cytokine mRNA mixture increased the frequency of intratumoral Granzyme B CD8+ T cells in the tumor (FIG. 31G-H).

Example 16—Intratumorally Injected mRNA is Primarily Expressed in the Tumor

Mice bearing B16F10 tumors received a single intratumoral injection of 50 μg mRNA encoding firefly luciferase. At 6 and 24-hour time points, 3 mice were sacrificed and tumor, liver, spleen, tumor draining lymph node (TDLN) and non-tumor draining lymph node (NDLN) were analyzed ex vivo for luciferase expression. FIGS. 32A-B show that luciferase expression was highest in the tumor, in which expression was greater than 100-fold above any other tissue.

Example 17—CD4+, CD8+, and NK Cells Contribute to the Anti-Tumor Activity of Cytokine mRNA in B16F10 Model

Groups of mice bearing B16F10 tumors were treated with 100 μg of depleting antibodies (anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-NK1.1) by intraperitoneal injection once a week for 4 weeks total. Antibody mediated cellular depletion was initiated one day prior to treatment with an 80 μg cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc (SEQ ID Nos: 59, 53, 41, and 47). The effect of antibody depletion on overall survival was monitored. The results, shown in FIG. 34, indicate that individual depletion CD8+, CD4+, or NK cells reduced, to varying degrees, the anti-tumor activity and overall survival of the cytokine mRNA.

Example 18—Antitumor Activity of Cytokine mRNAs is not Observed in IFN-Gamma-Deficient Mice

WT C57BL6J mice and C57BL6J mice deficient for the murine IFNγ (IFNγ KO) were implanted with B16F10 tumor cells as described in Example 1. Mice were treated by intratumoral injection with 80 μg (20 μg/target) cytokine mRNA mixture of IL-15 sushi, GM-CSF, IFNα, and IL-12sc (SEQ ID Nos: 59, 53, 41, and 47) or 80 μg control mRNA, and overall survival was monitored. The results, depicted in FIG. 35, indicate that mice lacking IFNγ did not exhibit a detectable antitumor response when treated with the cytokine mRNA. 

1.-88. (canceled)
 89. A composition comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, RNA encoding an IFNα protein, and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein.
 90. The composition of claim 89, wherein the IFNα protein is an IFNα2b protein.
 91. The composition of claim 89, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or 18 and/or (ii) the IL-12sc protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 14. 92. The composition of claim 89, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 and/or (ii) the IL-15 sushi protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 24. 93. The composition of claim 89, wherein (i) the RNA encoding an IFNα protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or 23 and/or (ii) the IFNα protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 19. 94. The composition of claim 89, wherein (i) the RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and/or (ii) the GM-CSF protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, or an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 27. 95. The composition of claim 89, wherein at least one RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of at least one uridine, wherein the modified nucleoside is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), 5-methyl-uridine (m5U), or a combination thereof.
 96. The composition of claim 89, wherein each RNA comprises a modified nucleoside in place of at least one uridine, wherein the modified nucleoside is pseudouridine (ψ), N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), 5-methyl-uridine (m5U), or a combination thereof.
 97. The composition of claim 89, wherein at least one RNA comprises the 5′ cap m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m1^(2′-O)ApG, or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G, or m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG, or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G.
 98. The composition of claim 89, wherein at least one RNA comprises a 5′ UTR comprising (i) a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6, or (ii) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6 and/or a 3′ UTR comprising (i) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or (ii) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 8. 99. The composition of claim 89, wherein at least one RNA comprises a poly-A tail of at least 100 nucleotides.
 100. The composition of claim 99, wherein the poly-A tail comprises the poly-A tail shown in SEQ ID NO:
 78. 101. The composition of claim 89, wherein one or more RNA comprises: a 5′ cap comprising)m₂ ^(7,3′-O)Gppp(m₁ ^(2′-O))ApG or 3′-O-Me-m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)G; a 5′ UTR comprising (i) a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6, or (ii) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6; a 3′ UTR comprising (i) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or (ii) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; and a poly-A tail comprising at least 100 nucleotides.
 102. The composition of claim 101, wherein the poly-A tail comprises SEQ ID NO:
 78. 103. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of claim 89 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent and/or excipient.
 104. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the composition of claim
 89. 105. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a first RNA, wherein the first RNA encodes an IL-12sc protein, an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα protein, or a GM-CSF protein, and additional RNA, wherein: if the first RNA encodes an IL-12sc protein, then the additional RNA encodes an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα protein, and a GM-CSF protein; if the first RNA encodes an IL-15 sushi protein, then the additional RNA encodes an IL-12sc protein, an IFNα protein, and a GM-CSF protein; if the first RNA encodes an IFNα protein, then the additional RNA encodes an IL-15 sushi protein, an IL-12sc protein, and a GM-CSF protein; and if the first RNA encodes a GM-CSF protein, then the additional RNA encodes an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα protein, and an IL-12sc protein.
 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the first RNA is administered to the subject at the same time as the additional RNA.
 107. The method of claim 104, wherein the RNA is administered intra-tumorally or peri-tumorally.
 108. The method of claim 104, wherein the subject is further treated with an additional therapy comprising (i) surgery to excise, resect, or debulk a tumor, (ii) immunotherapy, (iii) radiotherapy, or (iv) chemotherapy.
 109. The method of claim 104, wherein the subject is further treated with a checkpoint modulator.
 110. The method of claim 109, wherein the checkpoint modulator is an anti-PD1 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or a combination of an anti-PD1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.
 111. The method of claim 109, wherein the RNA is administered intra-tumorally or peri-tumorally via injection, and the checkpoint modulator is administered systemically.
 112. The method of claim 104, wherein the solid tumor is a sarcoma, carcinoma, or lymphoma.
 113. The method of claim 104, wherein the solid tumor is in the lung, colon, ovary, cervix, uterus, peritoneum, testicles, penis, tongue, pancreas, bone, breast, prostate, soft tissue, connective tissue, kidney, liver, brain, thyroid, or skin.
 114. The method of claim 104, wherein the solid tumor is an epithelial tumor, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, prostate tumor, ovarian tumor, renal cell tumor, gastrointestinal tract tumor, hepatic tumor, colorectal tumor, tumor with vasculature, mesothelioma tumor, pancreatic tumor, breast tumor, sarcoma tumor, lung tumor, colon tumor, brain tumor, melanoma tumor, small cell lung tumor, neuroblastoma tumor, testicular tumor, carcinoma tumor, adenocarcinoma tumor, glioma tumor, seminoma tumor, retinoblastoma, or osteosarcoma tumor.
 115. The method of claim 104, wherein treating or reducing the likelihood of the solid tumor comprises reducing the size of a tumor, reducing the likelihood of a reoccurrence of cancer in remission, or reducing the likelihood of cancer metastasis in the subject.
 116. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a solid tumor, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof RNAs and a further therapy, wherein the RNAs encode an IL-12sc protein, an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα protein, and a GM-CSF protein, and the further therapy comprises immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or a checkpoint modulator.
 117. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding an IL-12sc protein, wherein: the sequence encoding the IL-12sc protein comprises a) contiguous nucleotides having at least 78% identity to nucleotides 1-984 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18, b) contiguous nucleotides having at least 81% identity to nucleotides 1027-1623 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18, and c) nucleotides encoding a linker between the nucleotides of a) and b).
 118. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding an IFNα protein, wherein: the sequence encoding the IFNα protein has at least 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 or
 23. 119. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the nucleic acid of claim 117, wherein the nucleic acid is RNA, and wherein: the subject is further treated with additional RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, an IFNα protein, and a GM-CSF protein.
 120. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the nucleic of claim 118, wherein the nucleic acid is RNA, and wherein: the subject is further treated with additional RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, an IL-12sc protein, and a GM-CSF protein.
 121. A method of producing an RNA encoding IL-12sc, comprising contacting an expression construct comprising the DNA nucleic acid of claim 117 operably linked to a promoter with an RNA polymerase under conditions permissive for transcription.
 122. A method of producing an RNA encoding IFNα, comprising contacting an expression construct comprising the DNA nucleic acid of claim 118 operably linked to a promoter with an RNA polymerase under conditions permissive for transcription.
 123. An expression construct comprising the nucleic acid of claim 117 operably linked to a promoter.
 124. An expression construct comprising the nucleic acid of claim 118 operably linked to a promoter.
 125. A kit comprising the composition of claim
 89. 126. A kit comprising RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, RNA encoding an IFNα protein, and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, wherein the RNAs are not in the same container.
 127. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need thereof RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, RNA encoding an IFNα protein, and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, wherein the solid tumor is in a lymph node.
 128. A method for treating or reducing the likelihood of a solid tumor comprising administering to a subject in need thereof RNA encoding an IL-12sc protein, RNA encoding an IL-15 sushi protein, RNA encoding an IFNα protein, and RNA encoding a GM-CSF protein, wherein the RNA is administered via intra- or peri-tumoral injection into a first tumor, and wherein the injected first tumor and a non-injected second tumor are both reduced in size. 